ББК 81.432.1-3-923
А 877
Рецензенты:
д-р филол. наук, профессор кафедры иностранных языков
и русской филологии Сибирского университета потребительской
кооперации А. И. Дьяков
канд. пед. наук, зав. кафедрой иностранных языков гуманитарного
факультета, декан ФГО НГТУ, доцент Е. А. Мелёхина
А 877 Lexicology. Practical Course: Лексикология. Практический
курс : учебное пособие / Е. И. Архипова, М. В. Влавацкая. –
Новосибирск : Изд-во НГТУ, 2021. – 344 с.
Архипова Е. И.
ISBN 978-5-7782-4516-7
Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов-филологов направлений
45.03.01 «Филология» и 45.03.02 «Лингвистика», занимающихся по программам
«Прикладная филология», «Перевод и переводоведение», «Переводчик
английского и русского жестового», «Теория и методика преподавания иностранных
языков и культур». Также может служить в качестве дополнительной
учебной литературы для интересующихся теоретическими вопросами языкознания.
Учебное
пособие по лексикологии содержит следующие разделы:
семасиология, морфология, словообразование, фразеология, этимология,
лексикография, концептуальные основы семантики. Кроме теоретического
материала, в пособии содержатся практические задания для работы на
семинарских занятиях.
Работа подготовлена на кафедре иностранных языков
факультета гуманитарного образования НГТУ
ББК 81.432.1-3-923
ISBN 978-5-7782-4516-7
© Архипова Е. И., Влавацкая М. В., 2021
© Новосибирский государственный
технический университет
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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ ...................................................................................................... 3
INTRODUCTION LEXICOLOGY AS A PART OF LINGUISTICS.
LEXICAL UNITS ...................................................................................................... 5
1. LEXICOLOGY: CENTRAL TERMS ............................................................. 5
2. PARTS AND AREAS OF LEXICOLOGY ..................................................... 6
3. TWO APPROACHES TO LANGUAGE STUDY .......................................... 7
4. LEXICAL UNITS ............................................................................................ 7
5. VARIETIES OF WORDS ................................................................................ 8
QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................. 9
PART I. SEMASIOLOGY ...................................................................................... 11
1. SEMASIOLOGY AS A PART OF LEXICOLOGY ........................................... 11
1. SEMASIOLOGY ........................................................................................... 11
2. APPROACHES TO DEFINING MEANING ................................................ 12
2.1. REFERENTIAL APPROACH TO DEFINING MEANING .................. 12
2.2. FUNCTIONAL (CONTEXTUAL) APPROACH TO DEFINING
MEANING .............................................................................................. 13
2.3. OPERATIONAL APPROACH TO DEFINING MEANING ................ 14
3. TYPES OF WORD MEANING ..................................................................... 14
4. TWO APPROACHES TO THE CONTENT FACET UNITS ....................... 15
5. ASPECTS OF LEXICAL MEANING ........................................................... 17
5.1. DENOTATIONAL ASPECT ................................................................. 17
5.2. CONNOTATIONAL ASPECT .............................................................. 17
5.3. PRAGMATIC ASPECT ......................................................................... 19
6. COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS .................................................................... 20
QUESTIONS ........................................................................................................... 22
2. MOTIVATION AND SEMANTIC CHANGE ................................................... 24
1. WORD-MEANING AND MOTIVATION. TYPES OF
MOTIVATION .............................................................................................. 24
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2. SEMANTIC CHANGE .................................................................................. 25
2.1. CAUSES OF SEMANTIC CHANGE .................................................... 25
2.2. NATURE OF SEMANTIC CHANGE ................................................... 26
2.3. RESULTS OF SEMANTIC CHANGE .................................................. 27
2.3.1 CHANGES OF THE DENOTATIONAL MEANING .................. 28
2.3.2. CHANGES OF THE CONNOTAIONAL MEANING ................ 29
QUESTIONS ........................................................................................................... 30
3. POLYSEMY ........................................................................................................ 31
1. POLYSEMY .................................................................................................. 31
2. DIACHRONIC APPROACH TO POLYSEMY ............................................ 33
3. SYNCHRONIC APPROACH TO POLYSEMY ........................................... 33
4. HISTORICAL CHANGEABILITY OF SEMANTIC STRUCTURE ........... 34
5. SEMANTIC STRUCTURE OF A POLYSEMANTIC WORD .................... 35
6. POLYSEMY AND CONTEXT. TYPES OF CONTEXT ............................. 37
6.1. LEXICAL CONTEXT ............................................................................ 37
6.2. GRAMMATICAL CONTEXT ............................................................... 38
6.3. EXTRA-LINGUISTIC CONTEXT ........................................................ 38
7. HOMONYMY ............................................................................................... 38
7.1. HOMONYMY AND HOMONYMS ...................................................... 38
7.2. SOURCES OF HOMONYMY ............................................................... 39
8. CLASSIFICATIONS OF HOMOMYMS ...................................................... 40
8.1. HOMONYMY OF WORDS AND HOMONYMY OF WORDFORMS.
FULL AND PARTIAL HOMONYMS
CLASSIFICATION ................................................................................ 40
8.2. CLASSIFICATION OF HOMONYMS BY PROF. A.I.
SMIRNISTKY ........................................................................................ 40
8.3. GRAPHIC AND SOUND-FORM CLASSIFICATION OF
HOMONYMS ......................................................................................... 41
9. FORMAL CRITERIA: DISTRIBUTION ...................................................... 42
10. POLYSEMY AND HOMONYMY ............................................................. 43
QUESTIONS ........................................................................................................... 43
4. INTRALINGUISTIC RELATIONS OF WORDS. TYPES OF
SEMANTIC RELATIONS ................................................................................. 45
1. INTRALINGUISTIC RELATIONS OF WORDS ......................................... 45
1.1. SYNTAGMATIC RELATIONS ............................................................ 45
1.2. PARADIGMATIC RELATIONS ........................................................... 46
2. BASIC TYPES OF SEMANTIC RELATIONS ............................................ 47
2.1. PROXIMITY .......................................................................................... 47
2.2. EQUIVALENCE .................................................................................... 48
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2.3. INCLUSION. HYPONYMIC STRUCTURE ......................................... 48
2.4. OPPOSITION ......................................................................................... 49
QUESTIONS ........................................................................................................... 50
5. SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS .................................................. 51
1. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF GROUPING WORDS .......................................... 51
2. SYNONYMY ................................................................................................. 52
2.1. SYNONYMS .......................................................................................... 52
2.2. CLASSIFICATION OF SYNONYMS ................................................... 53
2.3. EUPHEMISMS ....................................................................................... 54
3. ANTONYMY ................................................................................................ 54
3.1. ANTONYMS. CLASSIFICATION OF ANTONYMS .......................... 54
4. TERMINOLOGICAL AND LEXICO-SEMANTIC GROUPS OF
WORDS ......................................................................................................... 55
4.1. LEXICAL AND TERMINOLOGICAL SETS ....................................... 56
4.2. LEXICO-SEMANTIC GROUPS ........................................................... 56
4.3. SEMANTIC FIELDS ............................................................................. 56
QUESTIONS ........................................................................................................... 57
PART II. WORD-STRUCTURE ............................................................................. 58
6. MORPHEMIC STRUCTURE OF WORDS ........................................................ 58
1. WORD-STRUCTURE AND MORPHEMES ................................................ 59
2. CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES ........................................................ 59
2.1. SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES ........................... 59
2.2. STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES ..................... 60
3. TYPES OF MEANING IN MORPHEMES ................................................... 61
3.1. LEXICAL MEANING ........................................................................... 61
3.2. DIFFERENTIAL MEANING ................................................................ 61
3.3. DISTRIBUTIONAL MEANING ........................................................... 62
3.4. PART-OF-SPEECH MEANING ............................................................ 62
4. MORPHEMIC TYPES OF WORDS ............................................................. 62
5. TYPES OF WORD-SEGMENTABILITY .................................................... 63
5.1. COMPLETE SEGMENTABILITY ........................................................ 63
5.2. CONDITIONAL SEGMENTABILITY ................................................. 63
5.3. DEFECTIVE SEGMENTABILITY ....................................................... 64
6. PROCEDURE OF MORPHEMIC ANALYSIS ............................................ 64
7. PRINCIPLES OF WORD-SEGMENTATION .............................................. 65
QUESTIONS ........................................................................................................... 65
7. DERIVATION ..................................................................................................... 67
1. DERIVATIONAL STRUCTURE .................................................................. 67
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2. DERIVATIONAL RELATIONS ................................................................... 68
3. DERIVATIONAL BASES............................................................................. 68
3.1. STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF DERIVATIONAL
BASES .................................................................................................... 69
4. DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES ......................................................................... 70
4.1. SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DERIVATIONAL
AFFIXES ................................................................................................ 71
4.2. SEMI-AFFIXES ..................................................................................... 71
5. DERIVATIONAL PATTERNS ..................................................................... 72
5.1. STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION
OF DERIVATIONAL PATTERNS ....................................................... 72
QUESTIONS ........................................................................................................... 73
PART III. WORD-FORMATION ........................................................................... 75
8. TYPES OF FORMING WORDS. AFFIXATION ............................................... 75
1. TYPES OF FORMING WORDS ................................................................... 76
1.1. MAIN TYPES OF FORMING WORDS ................................................ 76
1.2. MINOR TYPES OF FORMING WORDS ............................................. 76
2. AFFIXATION ................................................................................................ 78
2.1. SUFFIXATION. CLASSIFICATION OF SUFFIXES ........................... 78
2.2. PREFIXATION. CLASSIFICATION OF PREFIXES ........................... 79
3. PRODUCTIVE AND NON-PRODUCTIVE AFFIXES ................................ 81
4. VALENCY OF AFFIXES AND BASES ....................................................... 82
5. CONVERSION. COMPOSITION ................................................................. 83
5.1. CONVERSION. VARIETIES OF CONVERSION ............................... 83
6. TYPICAL SEMANTIC RELATIONS IN CONVERSION ........................... 84
7. WORD-COMPOSITION ............................................................................... 85
8. TYPES OF MEANING OF COMPOUND WORDS ..................................... 86
8.1. THE STRUCTURAL MEANING .......................................................... 86
8.2. THE LEXICAL MEANING ................................................................... 87
9. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOUND WORDS .......................................... 87
10. SOURCES OF COMPOUNDS .................................................................... 89
QUESTIONS ........................................................................................................... 90
PART IV. WORD-GROUPS AND PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS ........................ 92
9. WORD-GROUPS ................................................................................................ 92
1. VALENCY OF WORDS ............................................................................... 92
1.1. LEXICAL VALENCY ........................................................................... 93
1.2. SYNTACTIC VALENCY ...................................................................... 94
2. SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE OF WORD-GROUPS ..................................... 94
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3. CLASSIFICATION OF WORD-GROUPS ................................................... 95
3.1. ENDOCENTRIC WORD-GROUPS ...................................................... 95
3.2. EXOCENTRIC WORD-GROUPS ......................................................... 96
4. TYPES OF MEANING OF WORD-GROUPS.............................................. 96
4.1. LEXICAL MEANING ........................................................................... 96
4.2. STRUCTURAL MEANING .................................................................. 97
4.3. INTERRELATION OF LEXICAL AND STRUCTURAL
MEANING IN WORD-GROUPS .......................................................... 97
5. MOTIVATION IN WORD-GROUPS ........................................................... 98
QUESTIONS ........................................................................................................... 98
10. PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS ......................................................................... 100
1. PHRASEOLOGY AND PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS .............................. 100
2. FREE WORD-GROUPS VS PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS ....................... 100
3. CLASSIFICATIONS OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS ............................ 101
3.1. SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL
UNITS ................................................................................................... 101
3.2. STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL
UNITS ................................................................................................... 103
3.3. STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF
PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS .............................................................. 103
4. SEMANTIC STRUCTURE OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS .................. 104
5. TYPES OF TRANSFERENCE OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS ............. 106
QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................... 107
PART V. ETYMOLOGY ...................................................................................... 109
11. ETYMOLOGY OF THE ENGLISH WORDS ................................................ 109
1. ETYMOLOGY. NATIVE AND BORROWED WORDS ........................... 109
2. WORDS OF NATIVE ORIGIN ................................................................... 110
2.1. WORDS OF THE INDO-EUROPEAN ORIGIN ................................. 110
2.2. WORDS OF THE COMMON GERMANIC ORIGIN ......................... 110
2.3. ENGLISH WORDS PROPER .............................................................. 111
3. BORROWED WORDS ................................................................................ 112
3.1. WAYS OF BORROWINGS ................................................................. 113
3.2. TYPES OF BORROWED WORDS ..................................................... 114
4. INTERNATIONAL WORDS ...................................................................... 114
5. ETYMOLOGICAL DOUBLETS AND TRIPLETS .................................... 115
6. ASSIMILATION OF BORROWINGS ........................................................ 115
QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................... 116
PART VI. VARIANTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE .................................. 118
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12. MAIN VARIANTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE .................................. 118
1. STANDARD ENGLISH AND VARIANTS OF ENGLISH ....................... 118
2. VARIANTS OF ENGLISH IN THE UNITED KINGDOM ........................ 119
2.1. SCOTTISH ENGLISH ......................................................................... 119
2.2. IRISH ENGLISH .................................................................................. 120
3. VARIANTS OF ENGLISH OUTSIDE THE BRITISH ISLES ................... 121
3.1. AMERICAN ENGLISH ....................................................................... 121
3.2. CANADIAN ENGLISH ....................................................................... 122
3.3. AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH ................................................................... 122
3.4. NEW ZEALAND ENGLISH ............................................................... 123
3.5. SOUTH AFRICAN ENGLISH ............................................................. 123
3.6. INDIAN ENGLISH .............................................................................. 124
4. SOME PECULIARITIES OF BRITISH ENGLISH AND
AMERICAN ENGLISH .............................................................................. 124
QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................... 126
PART VII. ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY ............................................................ 128
13. FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY ................................. 128
1. LEXICOGRAPHY IN THEORY AND PRACTICE ................................... 128
2. DICTIONARY TYPOLOGY....................................................................... 129
3. MAIN PROBLEMS IN LEXICOGRAPHY ................................................ 131
4. MICROSTRUCTURE, MACROSTRUCTURE AND
MEGASTRUCTURE OF A DICTIONARY ............................................... 133
QUESTIONS.................................................................................................... 134
14. MODERN TRENDS IN ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY ................................. 136
1. MODERN ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY ................................................... 136
2. CORPUS-BASED LEXICOGRAPHY ........................................................ 136
3. COMPUTATIONAL LEXICOGRAPHY: ELECTRONIC
DICTIONARIES ......................................................................................... 138
4. MONOLINGUAL LEARNER’S DICTIONARIES .................................... 139
4.1. COMPUTATIONAL MONOLINGUAL LEARNER’S
DICTIONARIES ................................................................................... 140
5. TERMINOLOGICAL LEXICOGRAPHY .................................................. 141
QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................... 143
15. IDEOGRAPHIC DICTIONARIES .................................................................. 145
1. IDEOGRAPHIC DICTIONARIES .............................................................. 145
2. PRINCIPLES OF THE THESAURI CLASSIFICATION ........................... 150
2.1. CLASSIFICATION BY THE TYPE OF SEMANTIC LINKS
BETWEEN UNITS OF THE VOCABULARY ................................... 151
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2.2. TYPES OF IDEOGRAPHIC THESAURI ........................................... 152
QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................... 155
PART VIII. CONCEPTUAL BASICS AND ETHNOCULTURAL
SPECIFICITY ................................................................................... 156
16. CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF THE LINGUISTIC UNITS’ SEMANTICS ....... 156
1. THE CONCEPT OF WORLDVIEW ........................................................... 156
2. LINGUISTIC WORLDVIEW CHARACTERISTICS ................................ 159
3. COMPONENTS OF THE LINGUISTIC WORLDVIEW ........................... 163
3.1. LEXICAL WORLDVIEW ................................................................... 164
3.2. PHRASEOLOGICAL WORLDVIEW ................................................. 165
3.3. PROVERBIAL WORLDVIEW ........................................................... 168
4. CONCEPT. BASIC APPROACHES TO DEFINE THE “CONCEPT” ...... 170
4.1. CONCEPT RESEARCH METHODS .................................................. 171
4.2. PROBLEMS IN CONCEPT MODELING ........................................... 175
QUESTIONS.................................................................................................... 177
17. ETHNOCULTURAL SPECIFICITY OF LEXICAL UNITS ......................... 178
1. LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL COMPONENTS OF ETHNICITY ....... 179
1.1. ETHNICITY AS A SUBJECT OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY ................... 179
1.2. LANGUAGE IN ETHNIC SPACE ...................................................... 180
2. CONDUITS OF ETHNOCULTURAL INFORMATION IN THE
LANGUAGE ............................................................................................... 182
2.1. MULTI-VECTOR TRENDS IN THE SEMANTIC CULTURAL
SPACE .................................................................................................. 185
3. TRANSLATION STRATEGIES ................................................................. 188
3.1. THE CONCEPT OF EQUIVALENCE FROM
ETHNOCULTURAL POSITIONS ...................................................... 189
3.2. EQUIVALENT CORRESPONDENCES: DEFINITION,
CLASSIFICATION, TYPES OF EQUIVALENTS ............................. 189
3.3. CONTEXTUAL CORRESPONDENCES: DEFINITION AND
TYPES OF CONTEXTUAL CORRESPONDENCES ......................... 191
3.4. ANALOGUES AS A SPECIAL TYPE OF LEXICAL
CORRESPONDENCES. DRAWBACKS OF TRANSLATION
ANALOGUES ...................................................................................... 192
QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................... 194
SEMINAR 1. SEMASIOLOGY, ASPECTS OF LEXICAL MEANING ............. 195
SEMINAR 2. MOTIVATION AND SEMANTIC CHANGE ............................... 206
SEMINAR 3. POLYSEMY, HOMONYMY ......................................................... 213
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SEMINAR 4. INTRALINGUISTIC RELATIONS OF WORDS. TYPES
OF SEMANTIC RELATIONS ........................................................................ 211
SEMINAR 5. SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS .............................. 228
SEMINAR 6. MORPHEMIC STRUCTURE OF WORDS ................................... 233
SEMINAR 7. DERIVATION ................................................................................ 237
SEMINAR 8. AFFIXATION. CONVERSION. COMPOSITION ........................ 241
SEMINAR 9. WORD-GROUPS ........................................................................... 252
SEMINAR 10. PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS ...................................................... 258
SEMINAR 11. ETYMOLOGY OF THE ENGLISH WORDS ............................. 264
SEMINAR 12. VARIANTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ........................... 269
SEMINAR 13. FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY .............. 276
SEMINAR 14. MODERN TRENDS IN ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY .............. 281
SEMINAR 15. IDEOGRAPHIC DICTIONARIES ............................................... 284
SEMINAR 16. CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF THE LINGUISTIC UNITS’
SEMANTICS ................................................................................................... 294
SEMINAR 17. ETHNOCULTURAL SPECIFICITY OF LEXICAL UNITS....... 300
GLOSSARY .......................................................................................................... 307
Список литературы .............................................................................................. 332
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