In the reference guide 100 most common grammar rules are put together and explained in a clear form of tables with several examples to each rule. <...> Как только вы начинаете изучать английский язык, вам приходится изучать основные грамматические правила, которые помогают понять структуру языка и как результат — общаться более уверенно. <...> Электронные версии книг на сайте www.prospekt.org CONTENTS Rule 1. <...> Irregular Plural Form of Nouns . 11 Rule 5. <...> Common and Possessive Cases of Nouns . 14 Rule 7. <...> Absolute Form of Possessive Pronouns . 32 Rule 19. <...> Finite Forms English Verb Categories . 63 Rule 44. <...> Past Perfect Continuous Tense Active . 86 Rule 57. <...> Present Perfect Continuous Tense Active . 87 Rule 58. <...> Future in the Past Tenses Active . 89 Rule 60. <...> Future in the Past Tenses Passive . 96 Rule 64. <...> Gerund after Essential Prepositional Verbs .108 Rule 73. <...> Verbs with Direct Object followed by Infinitive .114 Rule 76. <...> Verbs with Direct Object followed by Infinitive .114 Rule 77. <...> Punctuation .142 5 RULE 1 Proper Nouns – names James Paul McCartney, Agatha Christie – pen-names, nicknames Mark Twain, Merylin Monroe, Jack Sparrow, Billy the Kid Spot, Dolly – nationalities the Americans, the Dutch – celestial bodies Milky Way, Mars – water bodies Lake Baikal, the Nile – mountains Everest, the Himalayas – continents Africa, Europe – countries Russia, Great Britain – localities Liverpool, New York – streets Baker Street, Pall Mall – intracity objects and sights Hotel California, Big Ben – brands British Airways, Google – titles Animal Farm, Gone with the Wind 6 Common Nouns – objects table, scissors – people baby, girl, man – creatures cat, snake – groups of people, animals family, jury, flock – substance sugar, water – material steel, cotton – facts, events birth, idea, rain – character, states, actions courage, nonsense, race, peace RULE 2 Common Nouns Countable Nouns Singular form <...>
English_grammar_100_main_rules.pdf
БУДК 811.111(075.8)
БК 81.2Англ-923
В19
В19
Васильева Е. А.
Электронные версии книг
на сайте www.prospekt.org
English grammar: 100 main rules (Английская грамматика: 100 основных
правил). — Москва : Проспект, 2015. — 144 с.
ISBN 978-5-392-14348-1
As soon as you started learning English you have to study basic grammar rules that
help understand the language structure and as a result communicate effectively.
In the reference guide 100 most common grammar rules are put together and explained
in a clear form of tables with several examples to each rule.
Referring to this grammar guide may be helpful for those students who have recently
started learning English and still find grammar not simple to understand as well
as for those advanced users who need just refresh their knowledge of English grammar
or clarify some grammar points.
Как только вы начинаете изучать английский язык, вам приходится изучать
и основные грамматические правила, которые помогают понять структуру языка
как результат — общаться более уверенно. В этой книге сто самых распространенных
английских правил собраны и представлены в виде таблиц с несколькими
примерами для каждого из них.
учение языка и столкнулся с трудностями понимания грамматических правил,
так и продвинутым учащимся, которым необходимо освежить знания английской
грамматики или уточнить некоторые непонятные моменты.
Вся книга написана на английском языке.
Обратиться к этому справочнику будет полезно как тем, кто недавно начал изУДК
811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.2Англ-923
Учебное издание
Васильева Елена Анатольевна
АНГЛИЙСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА: 100 ОСНОВНЫХ ПРАВИЛ
Справочник
ENGLISH GRAMMAR: 100 MAIN RULES
Оригинал-макет подготовлен компанией ООО «Оригинал-макет»
www.o-maket.ru; тел.: (495) 726-18-84
Санитарно-эпидемиологическое заключение
№ 77.99.60.953.Д.004173.04.09 от 17.04.2009 г.
Подписано в печать 10.10.2014. Формат 60×90 1
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111020, г. Москва, ул. Боровая, д. 7, стр. 4.
ISBN 978-5-392-14348-1
© Васильева Е. А., 2014
© ООО «Проспект», 2014
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Contents
Rule 1. Proper and Common nouns .................................................................... 6
Rule 2. Countable and Uncountable nouns ......................................................... 7
Rule 3. Plural Form nouns .................................................................................. 8
Rule 4. Irregular Plural Form of nouns .............................................................. 11
Rule 5. Gender of nouns ................................................................................... 12
Rule 6. Common and Possessive Cases of nouns ................................................ 14
Rule 7. syntactic Functions of nouns ................................................................ 17
Rule 8. Adjectives .............................................................................................. 18
Rule 9. Adjective Degrees of Comparison ........................................................... 18
Rule 10. substantivized Adjectives ..................................................................... 23
Rule 11. syntactic Functions of Adjectives ......................................................... 24
Rule 12. Cardinal and ordinal numerals ............................................................ 25
Rule 13. Fractional numerals. operations with numerals .................................. 28
Rule 14. numerals for time expressions ............................................................ 29
Rule 15. syntactical Functions of numerals ....................................................... 30
Rule 16. Personal Pronouns ............................................................................... 30
Rule 17. Possessive Pronouns ............................................................................. 31
Rule 18. Absolute Form of Possessive Pronouns ................................................. 32
Rule 19. Reflexive Pronouns .............................................................................. 33
Rule 20. Intensive Pronouns .............................................................................. 33
Rule 21. Demonstrative Pronouns ...................................................................... 34
Rule 22. Classification of Indefinite Pronouns .................................................... 35
Rule 23. some, Any and their Compounds ......................................................... 35
Rule 24. each, every, either .............................................................................. 36
Rule 25. All, Both .............................................................................................. 38
Rule 26. Many/ Much, Few/Little, enough ....................................................... 40
Rule 27. one/ones ............................................................................................ 41
Rule 28. other, others, Another, the other, the others ..................................... 42
Rule 29. Reciprocal Pronouns ............................................................................ 43
Rule 30. negative Pronouns ............................................................................... 43
Rule 31. Indefinite Pronouns – Verb Agreement ............................................... 44
Rule 32. Interrogative Pronouns ......................................................................... 45
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Rule 33. Relative Pronouns ................................................................................ 47
Rule 34. Compound Pronouns with -ever ........................................................... 48
Rule 35. syntactic Functions of Pronouns .......................................................... 49
Rule 36. Articles ................................................................................................ 50
Rule 37. Indefinite Article (a/an) ....................................................................... 51
Rule 38. Zero Article ......................................................................................... 53
Rule 39. Definite Article (the) ............................................................................ 58
Rule 40. Classification of Verbs .......................................................................... 61
Rule 41. Be, Do, Have ....................................................................................... 62
Rule 42. transitive and Intransitive Verbs ........................................................... 63
Rule 43. Finite Forms english Verb Categories ................................................... 63
Rule 44. Principal Parts of notional Verbs .......................................................... 65
Rule 45. Regular and Irregular Verbs .................................................................. 65
Rule 46. system of Aspect-tense Verbal Forms .................................................. 70
Rule 47. Past simple tense Active ..................................................................... 73
Rule 48. Present simple tense Active................................................................. 74
Rule 49. Future simple tense Active .................................................................. 76
Rule 50. Past Continuous tense Active .............................................................. 79
Rule 51. Present Continuous tense Active ......................................................... 80
Rule 52. Future Continuous tense Active .......................................................... 81
Rule 53. Past Perfect tense Active ..................................................................... 83
Rule 54. Present Perfect tense Active ................................................................ 84
Rule 55. Future Perfect tense ............................................................................ 85
Rule 56. Past Perfect Continuous tense Active .................................................. 86
Rule 57. Present Perfect Continuous tense Active ............................................. 87
Rule 58. Future Perfect Continuous tense Active............................................... 88
Rule 59. Future in the Past tenses Active ........................................................... 89
Rule 60. simple tenses Passive .......................................................................... 91
Rule 61. Continuous tenses Passive ................................................................... 93
Rule 62. Perfect tenses Passive .......................................................................... 94
Rule 63. Future in the Past tenses Passive .......................................................... 96
Rule 64. Forms of subjunctive Mood ................................................................. 96
Rule 65. Use of subjunctive Mood ..................................................................... 98
Rule 66. Conditionals .......................................................................................101
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Rule 67. Formation and Use of Imperative Mood ..............................................102
Rule 68. non-Finite Forms ..............................................................................102
Rule 69. Infinitive .............................................................................................103
Rule 70. Participle ............................................................................................105
Rule 71. Gerund ...............................................................................................107
Rule 72. Gerund after essential Prepositional Verbs ..........................................108
Rule 73. Verbs followed by Gerund ...................................................................113
Rule 74. Verbs followed by Infinitive .................................................................113
Rule 75. Verbs with Direct object followed by Infinitive ....................................114
Rule 76. Verbs with Direct object followed by Infinitive ....................................114
Rule 77. Modal Verbs ........................................................................................115
Rule 78. Use of Modal Verbs .............................................................................116
Rule 79. semi-Modals and Modal equivalents ..................................................119
Rule 80. Modal word ........................................................................................121
Rule 81. Adverbs: Formation ............................................................................122
Rule 82. Adverbs of Manner ..............................................................................123
Rule 83. Adverbs: Degrees of Comparison .........................................................123
Rule 84. Adverbs of time. Adverbs of Frequency ...............................................124
Rule 85. Adverbs of Location ............................................................................125
Rule 86. Adverbs of Degree ...............................................................................126
Rule 87. Adverbs that Modify Adjectives ...........................................................127
Rule 88. order of Adverbs .................................................................................128
Rule 89. syntactic Functions of Adverbs ...........................................................128
Rule 90. Prepositions ........................................................................................129
Rule 91. Meanings of Prepositions ....................................................................130
Rule 92. Conjunctions ......................................................................................132
Rule 93. Interjections ........................................................................................133
Rule 94. types of simple sentence ....................................................................134
Rule 95. subject-Predicate Agreement ..............................................................135
Rule 96. Declarative sentences ..........................................................................137
Rule 97. Compound sentence ...........................................................................139
Rule 98. Complex sentence ..............................................................................140
Rule 99. Compound-Complex sentence ...........................................................141
Rule 100. Punctuation ......................................................................................142
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