A Phonetic Guide to Communication in English (183,00 руб.)

THE COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTIONS OF ENGLISH NUCLEAR TONES 1. <...> The notion of a Phoneme and a Sound The word phonetics is derived from the Greek word fo:ne: meaning sound. <...> Phonetics is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the system of speech sounds and intonational means of a given language. <...> A phoneme is an abstract notion of an ideal sound which exists in the speech of all people belonging to the same language community and may bring about a change of meaning. <...> Classification of English Vowel Phonemes Speech sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. <...> A vowel is a voiced sound produced in the mouth with no obstruction to the air stream. <...> There are 20 vowel phonemes in English. 7 The English vowel phonemes are divided first of all into two large groups: monophthongs and diphthongs. <...> A diphthong is a complex sound consisting of two vowel elements pronounced so as to form a single syllable. <...> In the pronunciation of a diphthong the organs of speech start in the position of one vowel and glide gradually in the direction of another vowel, whose full formation is not generally accomplished. <...> The first element of an English diphthong is called the nucleus. <...> English monophthongs may be classified according to the following principles: - according to the tongue position; - according to the lip position; - according to the length of the vowel; - according to the degree of tenseness; - according to the character of their end. 1. a) according to the horizontal movement of the tongue English vowels are divided into: - front vowels: [i: ], [e], [ж]; and the nuclei of the diphthongs [ɛǝ ], [eɪ]. - front-retracted vowels: [ɪ ]; and the nuclei of the diphthongs [ɪǝ], [aɪ], [aʋ]. - central (mixed) vowels: [ʌ], [ɜ:], [ǝ]; and the nucleus of the diphthong [ǝʋ]. - back vowels: [ɒ], [ɔ:], [u:]; and the nucleus of [ɔɪ]. 8 - back advanced vowels: [ɑ:], [ʋ]; and the nucleus of the diphthong [ʋǝ]. b) according to the vertical movement of the tongue vowels are divided into: - high vowels: [i:], [ɪ], [u:], [ʋ]; and the nuclei of the diphthongs [ɪǝ], [ʋǝ]. - mid vowels: [e],[ɜ:], [ǝ], [ɔ:]; and the nuclei of the diphthongs [ɛǝ], [ǝʋ], [eɪ]. - low vowels: [ж], [ɒ], [ɑ:],[ʌ]; and the nuclei of the diphthongs [ɔɪ], [aɪ], [aʋ]. 2. <...> According to the character of their end the English vowels may be checked and free. <...> They end abruptly and are interrupted by the consonant immediately following. <...> Stressed short monophthongs are always checked as well as long monophthongs and diphthongs before a voiceless consonant in stressed position. <...> Free vowels are those which are pronounced with lessening <...>