Каждый
раздел содержит тексты для чтения и перевода по математической тематике
и лексико-грамматические упражнения по развитию навыков всех видов
чтения, монологической, диалогической и письменной речи. <...> Match these words with their definitions.
1
magnitude
A
2
3
property
number
B
C
4
axiom
D
5
theorem
E
6
7
8
multiplication
addition
proof
F
G
H
the basic elements of arithmetic which are used
for expressing, recording quantities or measures
of various kinds
a measure of object size
a statement which is assumed to be true, and is
used as a basis for developing a system
some particular fact which is true for an object
or, all the objects in the group
a sequence of statements leading to the
establishment of the truth of one final statement
the operation of combining numbers
a statement which has been proved to be true
the operation which combines several equal
measures of size giving the result as a single
number
b. <...> We use axioms in arithmetic.
3. 32 million and 35 million have a difference of 3 million but, as this is less
than 10 % of either of them, it could be said that they are of the same order of
property.
3
4. <...> A visual theorem is a theorem in which the statements are presented in the
form of diagrams.
7. <...> Pronunciation guide
quantity ['kwɒntətɪ]
theorem ['θiərəm]
deduce [dɪ'dju:s]
calculation [kælkjυ'leɪʃn]
postulate [,postju:'leɪt]
decimal ['desɪməl]
Text 1. <...> The History of Mathematics
Mathematics, study of relationships among quantities, magnitudes, and
properties and of logical operations by which unknown quantities, magnitudes,
and properties may be deduced. <...> In the past, mathematics was regarded as the
science of quantity, whether of magnitudes, as in geometry, or of numbers, as in
arithmetic, or the generalization of these two fields, as in algebra. <...> Toward the
middle of the 19th century, however, mathematics came to be regarded
increasingly as the science of relations, or as the science that draws necessary
conclusions. <...> This latter view encompasses mathematical or symbolic logic, the
science of using symbols to provide an exact theory of logical deduction and
inference based on definitions <...>
Английский_язык_для_студентов-математиков.pdf
МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РФ
ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ
УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ
ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
«ВОРОНЕЖСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ
УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»
Английский язык для
студентов-математиков
Учебно-методическое пособие
Составитель:
З.Д. Орешина
Издательско-полиграфический центр
Воронежского государственного университета
2010
Стр.1
Учебно-методическое пособие подготовлено на кафедре английского
языка естественно-научных факультетов факультета романо-германской
филологии Воронежского государственного университета.
Учебно-методическое пособие представляет в концентрированной
форме систематизированный материал для приобретения навыков устной и
письменной профессиональной речи, состоит из шести разделов. Каждый
раздел содержит тексты для чтения и перевода по математической тематике
и лексико-грамматические упражнения по развитию навыков всех видов
чтения, монологической, диалогической и письменной речи.
Учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов 1, 2
курсов дневного отделения математического факультета.
Unit 1
Before you read
Discuss these questions with your partner.
– Why do people study Maths?
– When do you use it?
Vocabulary
a. Match these words with their definitions.
1 magnitude
A
2 property
3 number
4 axiom
5 theorem
the basic elements of arithmetic which are used
for expressing, recording quantities or measures
of various kinds
B a measure of object size
C a statement which is assumed to be true, and is
used as a basis for developing a system
D some particular fact which is true for an object
or, all the objects in the group
E a sequence of statements leading to the
establishment of the truth of one final statement
6 multiplication F the operation of combining numbers
7 addition
8 proof
G a statement which has been proved to be true
H the operation which combines several equal
measures of size giving the result as a single
number
b. The underlined words are all in the wrong sentences. Put the words into the
correct sentences.
1. It is a magnitude of squares that their diagonals cross at right angle.
2. We use axioms in arithmetic.
3. 32 million and 35 million have a difference of 3 million but, as this is less
than 10 % of either of them, it could be said that they are of the same order of
property.
3
Стр.3
4. The Egyptians couldn’t solve the problems of arithmetic that involved
fractions.
5. In geometry, the Egyptians were able to find areas of triangles, rectangles and
trapezoids, the volumes of figures such as bricks, cylinders, and pyramids.
Before you read
Discuss these questions with your partner.
– What is your native language?
– Is mathematics a special kind of language?
– Can people speaking different languages understand mathematics?
– Do you know the names of any important people connected with mathematics
in history?
Vocabulary
a. Match the words to make phrases.
1. foremost A. a common phrase
2. to use
B. reasons
3. scientific C. world
4. unspoken D. age
5. civilized E. language
b. Match these words with their definitions.
1. symbol
2. division
3. special
4. circumference
5. infinity
6. square root
Pronunciation guide
reason ['rizən]
A. the operation between two numbers
which measures how many times bigger
one number than the other
B. a way of drawing things so that they
look real
C. a letter or sign used to represent
instructions
D. another number which when squared
will equal the first number
E. the distance measured around the curve
which makes the circle
F. the concept of a space, time or quantity
that knows no bounds
quantitative ['kwɒntɪtətɪv]
specialize ['speʃəlaɪz] spatial ['speɪʃl]
imply [ɪm'plaɪ]
6
purposefully ['pə:pesfəl]
Стр.6
Text 2. Mathematics – The Language of Science
One of the foremost reasons given for the study of mathematics is, to use
common phrase, that “mathematics is the language of science”. This is not meant
that mathematics is useful only to those who specialize in science. No, it implies
that even a layman must know something about the foundations, the scope and
the basic role played by mathematics in our scientific age.
The language of mathematics consists mostly of signs and symbols, and, in
sense, is an- unspoken language. There can be no more universal or more simple
language, it is the same throughout the civilized world, through the people of
each country translate it into their own particular language. For instance, the
symbol 5 means the same to a person in England, Spain, Italy or any other
country but in each country it may be called by a different spoken word. Some of
the best known symbols of mathematics are the numerals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0
and the signs of addition (+), subtraction (–), multiplication (x), division (:),
equality (=) and the letters of the alphabets: Greek, Latin, Gothic and Hebrew
(rather rarely).
Symbolic language is one of the basic characteristics of modern
mathematics for it determines its true aspect. With the aid of symbolism
mathematicians can make transitions in reasoning almost mechanically by the eye
and leave their mind free to grasp the fundamental ideas of the subject matter.
Just as music uses symbolism for the representation and communication of
sounds so mathematics expresses quantitative relations and spatial forms
symbolically. Unlike the common language, which is the product of custom, as
well as social and political movements, the language of mathematics is carefully,
purposefully and often ingeniously designed. By virtue of its compactness, it
permits a mathematician to work with ideas which when expressed in terms of
common language are unmanageable. This compactness makes for efficiency of
thought.
Mathematics is the special kind of language. One so perfect and abstract
that – hopefully it may be understood by intelligent creatures throughout the
universe, however different their organs of sense and perception. The grammar of
the language – its proper usage – is determined by the rules of logic. Its
vocabulary consists of symbols, such as: numerals for numbers, letters for
unknown numbers, equations for relationships between numbers, π for the ratio
of the circumference to the diameter of a circle; sin (for sine), cos (for cosine)
and tan (for tangent) for the ratios between sides in a right triangle; √ for a
square root, ∞ for infinity, Β, ∑, Ω for assorted other concepts in higher
mathematics.
All of these symbols are tremendously helpful to the scientist because they
serve to short-cut his thinking.
assort – группировать,
классифицировать
circumference – окружность
7
Стр.7
intelligent – разумный
root – корень
Comprehension
Read the text and answer the questions in your own words.
1) Whom is mathematics useful to?
2) What does the language of mathematics consist of?
3) What are the best known symbols of mathematics?
4) How can mathematicians make transitions in reasoning?
5) What does mathematics express symbolically?
6) How is the language of mathematics designed?
7) What symbols of mathematical vocabulary do you know?
Speaking
Discuss these questions with your partner:
– How important is the study of mathematics for our world today?
– Would you prefer to study it? Why?
– Are there any areas of mathematics which you think are more important than
others?
Task: Prepare a short presentation to answer the question: “What is
mathematics?” Use the information in both texts.
Talk about:
– What the study of mathematics includes
– Primitive counting system
– The difference between the Babylonian system of numeration and Egyptian
system
– The invention of an abstract mathematics by the Greeks
– The use of symbols in modern mathematics
Writing
Write a letter to your teacher telling him or her which areas of mathematics
you would like to specialize in and why. Use these notes to help you.
Dear Mr/Mrs (teacher’s surname),
Writing to tell you choices I have made
Specialize in: (one or two of the main areas)
Reasons for choosing: interested in (algebra/geometry/scientific work/your own
ideas)
Possible career choices: what I hope to do when I graduate (a school teacher, an
engineer, your own ideas)
Offer to meet and discuss choices: I would like your advice and hope we can …
Yours sincerely,
(Your full name: first name + surname)
8
ratio – отношение
tangent – касательный, тангенс
Стр.8