МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РФ
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ
БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ
ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
«ВОРОНЕЖСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ
УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»
В МИРЕ ИСКУССТВА
Часть I
Учебно-методическое пособие
Составители:
А. П. Бабушкин,
В. Н. Картавцев
Воронеж
Издательский дом ВГУ
2016
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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Пояснительная записка ........................................................................................4
Unit 1. The Origins of Cave Painting ....................................................................5
Unit 2. Types of Writing ........................................................................................7
Unit 3. Egyptian Art ...............................................................................................9
Unit 4. Greek Mythology’s Magical Creatures .................................................... 11
Unit 5. Christianity...............................................................................................13
Unit 6. The Terms of the Artist ............................................................................16
Unit 7. The Renaissance.......................................................................................19
Задание для самостоятельной работы ..............................................................25
Литература ..........................................................................................................25
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lose, out, positive, last, regress, spoken, unlikely, without, ordinary, unable, least,
unremarkable.
IV. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. In what way did early cave men try to communicate their hopes and
dreams?
2. When and where were the first cave paintings discovered?
3. What did those paintings show?
4. Who was allowed to create art at that time?
5. Why did the cave men draw animals on walls?
6. What were the first attempts of the early artists to identify themselves?
7. How did the cave men create art without paint or brushes?
8. In what countries were the first paintings of the cave men found?
9. Do you think the caves with wall paintings are turned into museums?
V. Истинно это или ложно?
1. In early time there were no words, no alphabet, no books.
2. The first cave men told stories using art.
3. They hid a bison over 8 m long in the cave.
4. Many years ago French tourists discovered some wall paintings in the Hall
of Bulls Cave.
5. The wall animals represented a hunt that was performed at a different
time.
6. Everybody who wished drew animals on the cave walls under supervision
of shamans.
7. An animal drawn on the cave wall might bring a success.
8. Under each picture shamans put their names in French.
VI. Представьте, что вы рассказываете туристам об истории наскальных
рисунков.
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Unit 2
TYPES OF WRITING
Writing is a way of showing speech, or spoken language, with marks. People
can make these marks on stone, paper, or a computer screen. People use writing to
communicate with others.
The simplest type of writing uses pictures to stand for words or ideas. Many
Native American groups used this type of writing. In other types of writing, marks
of various designs can stand for whole words or parts of words. Chinese and Japanese
characters are examples of this kind of writing. In alphabetic writing, marks
called letters each stand for a different sound. The alphabet used for English is an
example of this type of writing.
In prehistoric times people scratched marks on stones or wood. Some made
cave paintings that showed people and animals. But these marks and drawings
were not true writing systems.
As people began to trade, they developed systems for keeping records of their
business. They created counting tokens to show how many animals or crops they
had traded. Eventually different marks came to stand for the different goods. For
example, a mark representing a cow looked much like a cow.
An important advance in writing took place when people began using marks
to stand for more than just objects. Certain marks could then represent ideas, such
as love or morning. At some point people started using marks to stand for the
sounds of speech.
The Sumerians of Mesopotamia (in modern Iraq) invented the first real writing
system about 5,000 years ago. This writing, called cuneiform, was a system of
wedge-shaped dents pressed into slabs of mud or clay. Not much later the Egyptians
invented their own writing system, called hieroglyphics. About 3,000 years
ago Semitic peoples in the Middle East created the first alphabets.
For hundreds of years most people did not know how to read or write. In many
places people called scribes wrote things down for others. By the AD 1400s, however,
more people were becoming educated. The invention of the printing press in
the middle of the 1400s helped make books and other writings widely available.
By the 1900s many countries were requiring their children to go to school to learn
how to read and write. Today most people in the world are literate.
Упражнения к тексту
I. Дайте русские эквиваленты словам интернационального корня.
К каким частям речи они относятся?
Speech, computer, mark, communicate, type, idea, group, character, alphabetic,
prehistoric, system, represent, objects, real, shape, hieroglyphics, printing
press, time, animal, modern, literate, business.
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II. Найдите в тексте синонимы к следующим словам: human beings,
employ, kind, letters, call, various, depict, drawing, for instance, begin, wares,
ago, approximately, location, educated, assist, available, demand.
III. Найдите в тексте антонимы к следующим словам: human beings,
difficult, the same, few, false, finish, initially, unlike, unimportant, uncertain, hatred,
evening, last, earlier, forget, uneducated, narrow, grown-ups, language, destroy,
regress, less.
IV. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What is writing?
2. What is writing used for?
3. What is the simplest type of writing?
4. What types of writing do you know?
5. In what way do Chinese and Japanese characters differ from English, German,
French and Russian?
6. When did an important advance in writing take place?
7. Who invented the first real writing system and the first alphabet?
8. Do Egyptians use hieroglyphics in their writing now?
9. In what way did printing-machines help to advance education?
V. Истинно это или ложно?
1. People use writing to communicate with each other.
2. Spoken language can be conveyed with marks.
3. Many people still continue to use pictures instead of writing.
4. Marks called letters were left by ancient people on the cave walls.
5. When people began to trade it became difficult to count animals and crops
without writing.
6. A mark representing a cow was the first letter invented.
7. Cuneiform writing was introduced by Sumerians of Mesopotamia.
8. The Middle East is the homeland of the first alphabet.
VI. Пользуясь текстом, напишите мини-реферат, посвященный истории
мировой письменности.
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Unit 3
EGYPTIAN ART
In the field of art, the Ancient Egyptians expressed their ideas in sculpture,
painting, reliefs and architecture. Their art was expressive. For the first time in monumental
form appeared the amazing manifestations of the belief in existence beyond
death that dominated the Egyptian life and thought. For the Ancient Egyp tians there
was only a likeness of death when all signs of life ceased, for the hu man being still
continued to exist in every other way. But to survive they required the support of the
body through mummification or through image. Statues and statuettes, bas-reliefs:
and tomb paintings are there to immortalize the life of the individual in the afterworld.
To heighten the intensity of the gaze, the eyes of the statues were inlaid, and
even the eyebrows were fashioned in copper or silver. The eyeballs were made of
white quartz and the pupils were made of resin. This re quired great skill and experience
in the shaping of metal, which can be seen in the large number of statues dating
from every historical period which have been found in various archaeological sites.
A splendid seated statue of Zoser in limestone has survived relatively intact.
Of the earliest known statues of the King and his family only fragments survive. In
its majestic pose we have the prototype of all subsequent seated statues for the rest
of Egyptian history. The statue’s appearance was less solemn when the rock crystal
eyes, gouged out long ago by the tomb robbers, and the original surface paint
were intact. The king wears the “divine” false beard, and his massive wig is partly
con cealed by the royal linen covering. He is swathed in a long mantle descending
almost to his feet. The statue is absolutely immobile and perfectly calm.
In the field of minor arts, the Ancient Egyptians produced a very large number
of amulets, scarabs and seals, and also ornamental objects and jewelry, which
are not less beautiful because of their small size. These small objects were widespread
and esteemed in Africa, the Near East and even in Europe. The wide distribution
of these objects makes it possible to discover the bonds which linked Egypt
to other nations long ago.
Упражнения к тексту
I. Дайте русские эквиваленты словам интернационального корня.
К каким частям речи они относятся?
Art, express, ideas, sculpture, architecture, relief, monumental, form, manifestation,
dominate, mummification, image, statuettes, individual, intensity, quartz,
shaping, metal, dating, historical, period, archaeological, site, fragments, pose,
prototype, crystal, mantle, absolutely, immobile, minor, produce, amulet, scarab,
ornament, object, distribution, nations, family.
II. Найдите в тексте синонимы к следующим словам: thought, realization,
prevail, old, stop, people, demand, time, discover, different, wonderful, parts,
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stone, hidden, falling, nearly, decorate, tiny, tie, enormous, quantity, quiet, make,
marks.
III. Найдите в тексте антонимы к следующим словам: science, unexpressive,
last, disappear, life, modern, start, animal, stop, collective, small, prehistoric,
awful, damaged, more, narrow, impossible, before.
IV. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What spheres of art were the Ancient Egyptians famous for?
2. What ideas dominated the Egyptian life and thought? In what way did they
manifest it?
3. What was needed for a human being to survive according to the Egyptians`
beliefs?
4. How did the Ancient Egyptians decorate statues and statuettes?
5. Whose statuette survived intact? Describe it.
6. What article did the Egyptians produce in the form of minor arts?
7. Where were these small objects widespread?
8. What did the wide distribution of amulets and scarabs help to discover?
9. Have you ever seen the Egyptian mummies or tombs in museums?
V. Истинно высказывание или ложно?
1. The Egyptians are famous for creating many masterpieces in sculpture and
architecture.
2. The Egyptians believed in life after death.
3. They put their kings in beautiful tombs while they were still alive.
4. The eyeballs of the Egyptian statues were made from gold and silver.
5. Even laymen could make as many mummies as they were asked to.
6. A splendid seated statue of Zoser was seriously damaged.
7. The Egyptian sold their minor objects of arts to different countries.
8. The Ancient Egyptians knew there were some other countries in the world.
VI. Составьте короткий рассказ об истории египетских пирамид.
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