Section HUMAN EVOLUTION 91 resembles the Ahmarian complex known from other sites in the Levant. <...> The second, earliest of these, corresponds to the so-called Initial Upper Paleolithic phase. <...> The Initial Upper Paleolithic is considered a technocomplex transitional between Middle and Upper Paleolithic. <...> Paleolithic deposits preserved within Ьзağızlı Cave span a period of approximately 12,000 years; Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dates indicate ages between 29,000 and 41,000 radiocarbon years (circa 31,000 to 43,000 calendar years). <...> In all layers of the cave abundant amount of shell beads which used as ornaments, have been found. <...> Advanced lithic technology and coordinated ornament use found in the cave indicate the presence of the fi rst modern humans in Anatolia. <...> Key words: Anatolia, fi rst moderns, Initial Upper Paleolithic, Upper Paleolithic, ornament using Contact information: Gьleз Erksin Savaş, e-mail:egulec@ankara.edu.tr. <...> THE THREE LEAPS IN THE HUMAN EVOLUTION Kaynak Oktay Independent Researcher, Izmir, Turkey Human are very special and very different. <...> These are the only living being on earth endeavoring in self investigation. <...> Then one can ask if the evolution processes regarding human are specifi c to this species only, or not. <...> This species had to experience three consecutive and important leaps before becoming modern human. 1. <...> The Leap of Bipedalism. 6–7 mya as a result of Rift and plateau formation in east Africa, a primate made an adaptive response to that formation. <...> This adaptive response was hunting and gathering food in shallow waters on two legs. <...> This shallow water made a selective pressure on that primate to walk bipedally. 2. <...> When about 2 mya the body erection reached a certain angle, the embryo made an adaptive response to this vertical body posture. <...> This is the mental overturning that started the growth of the cranium as well as the brain. 3. <...> After chasing its enemy, the chimp throws the stick and does not say to itself: “This stick has served me effectively; I better keep it for another occasion”. <...> If the chimp had a brain of 500 cc, would it say: “I better keep this stick and even improve it”. <...> The chimp may not think so <...>