International Scientific-Technical and Production Journal
September
2011
#9
English translation of the monthly «Avtomaticheskaya Svarka» (Automatic Welding) journal published in Russian since 1948
Founders: E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute of the NAS of Ukraine
International Association «Welding»
Editor-in-Chief B.E.Paton
Publisher: International Association «Welding»
CONTENTS
Editorial board:
Yu. <...> A. and
Zagornikov V.I. Electron beam welding of bodies of drill
bits with modifying of weld metal by zirconium .............................. 40
Pokhmursky V.I., Student M.M., Gvozdetsky V.M. and
Pokhmurskaya A.V. Flux-cored wires of FMI series for
coating deposition by electric arc spraying (Review) ..................... 44
BRIEF INFORMATION
Ryzhkov S.S., Blintsov V.S., Egorov G.V., Zhukov Yu. <...> V. Development of
versatile transport ships and ocean engineering facilities .............. 49
NEWS
Foundation of the E.O. Paton Chinese-Ukrainian Welding
Institute ....................................................................................... 51
HYDROGEN BEHAVIOUR IN REPAIR WELDING
OF THE MAIN PIPELINES UNDER PRESSURE
V.I. MAKHNENKO, O.I. OLEJNIK and A.P. PALTSEVICH
E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute, NASU, Kiev, Ukraine
Possibility of diffusion hydrogen penetration from hydrocarbon gas transported through the gas pipeline during repair
welding performance on an operating pipeline has been analyzed. <...> It is shown that at partial pressure of diffusion hydrogen
on the inner surface of steel pipe in the range of 0.10—0.75 MPa at residual wall thickness in the defect zone of more
than 5 mm increase of the parameter of hydrogen (cold) cracking risk is not higher than 5—11 %. <...> Values of experimental
measurements of diffusion hydrogen flow through the pipe wall in operating pipelines are given. <...> K e y w o r d s : repair arc welding, operating gas pipelines,
diffusion hydrogen, gas pipeline wall, hydrogen cracks, risk of
formation
A typical problem in repair welding of the main gas
pipelines in stringent modes (low heat input) is the
risk of appearance of cold (hydrogen) cracks, the formation of which is essentially affected by diffusion
hydrogen in the welded joint metal. <...> Application of
consumables with a low hydrogen content in combination with reliable protection of the weld pool from
the environment allows an essential lowering of the
content of diffusion hydrogen <...>
The_Paton_Welding_Journal_№9_2011.pdf
International Scientific-Technical and Production Journal
September
2011
# 9
English translation of the monthly «Avtomaticheskaya Svarka» (Automatic Welding) journal published in Russian since 1948
Editor-in-Chief B.E.Paton
Yu.S.Borisov V.F.Khorunov
A.Ya.Ishchenko I.V.Krivtsun
B.V.Khitrovskaya L.M.Lobanov
V.I.Kyrian A.A.Mazur
S.I.Kuchuk-Yatsenko
Yu.N.Lankin I.K.Pokhodnya
V.N.Lipodaev V.D.Poznyakov
V.I.Makhnenko K.A.Yushchenko
O.K.Nazarenko A.T.Zelnichenko
I.A.Ryabtsev
CONTENTS
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL
and
. Hydrogen
behaviour in repair welding of the main pipelines under
pressure ....................................................................................... 2
. and
N.P.Alyoshin (Russia)
U.Diltey (Germany)
Guan Qiao (China)
D. von Hofe (Germany)
V.I.Lysak (Russia)
N.I.Nikiforov (Russia)
B.E.Paton (Ukraine)
Ya.Pilarczyk (Poland)
G.A.Turichin (Russia)
Zhang Yanmin (China)
A.S.Zubchenko (Russia)
V.N.Lipodaev, V.I.Lokteva
A.T.Zelnichenko (exec. director)
A.A.Fomin, O.S.Kurochko,
I.N.Kutianova, T.K.Vasilenko
N.A.Dmitrieva
D.I.Sereda, T.Yu.Snegiryova
. and
. Particle
dispersity and manganese valence in welding aerosol ................... 31
INDUSTRIAL
. and
. Welded
electric contacts of dissimilar conductors ..................................... 34
. and
. Electron beam welding of bodies of drill
bits with modifying of weld metal by zirconium .............................. 40
. and
. Flux-cored wires of FMI series for
State Registration Certificate
KV 4790 of 09.01.2001
$324, 12 issues per year,
postage and packaging included.
Back issues available.
. and
All rights reserved.
This publication and each of the articles
contained herein are protected by copyright.
Permission to reproduce material contained in
this journal must be obtained in writing from
the Publisher.
Copies of individual articles may be obtained
from the Publisher.
© PWI, International Association «Welding», 2011
. Development of
versatile transport ships and ocean engineering facilities .............. 49
NEWS
Foundation of the E.O. Paton Chinese-Ukrainian Welding
Institute ....................................................................................... 51
coating deposition by electric arc spraying (Review) ..................... 44
BRIEF INFORMATION
. and
. and
. and
. Development of the technology
and equipment for laser and laser-arc welding of
aluminium alloys .......................................................................... 10
. Experimental
investigation of hot cracking susceptibility of wrought
aluminum alloys ........................................................................... 16
.
Optimization of conditions of reduction heat treatment of
blades of alloy KhN65VMTYu after long-term service .................... 22
. Properties of
iron-base alloys for plasma powder hard-facing of sealing
surfaces of fittings ....................................................................... 27
Pub
l
Founders:
E. r
Inte
O
.
Pa iona
a
n
ton Ele
t
ctr
l A
ssocia
t
ic W
e
lding Institute
l
ion «W
e
of the
ding»
NA
S of Ukr
a
ine
Makhnenko V.I., Olejnik O.I.
Editorial b
o
ard:
Turichin G.A., Tsybulsky I.A., Zemlyakov E.V., Valdajtseva
E.A
isher:
Paltsevich A.P
Kuznetsov M.V
Kah P., Hiltunen E
International editorial c
ounc
il:
Tarasenko Yu.P., Berdnik O.B
Pereplyotchikov E.F
Martikainen J
Pokhodnya I.K., Karmanov V.I. , Yavdoshchin I.R.,
Gubenya I.P., Khizhun O.Yu
Tsaryova I.N
Ryabtsev I.A
Promotion group:
Translators:or:
Elec
Edi
t
Paton B.E., Lakomsky V.I
gornikov V.I
Za
tron galley:
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. P
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.O rnati e x:T a
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tonnal A
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ttp
Address: 368
ati 0
ectric Weld 200 82 77
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in
F l: journal@paton.ki
s.gov.u
o Kyiv, U
g In
n «We
stitu
t
200 81 45
ldi k
ngraine
e,
»,
e
Nesterenkov V.M., Bondarev A.A., Arkhangelsky Yu.A
Pokhmursky V.I., Student M.M., Gvozdetsky V.M
Khobta I.V
Braginets V.I
Pokhmurskaya A.V
v.ua
a/p
w
j
Inte
r
n
a
t
iona
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ssocia
t
ion «W
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Ryzhkov S.S., Blintsov V.S., Egorov G.V., Zhukov Yu.D.,
Kvasnitsky V.F., Koshkin K.V., Krivtsun I.V., Nekrasov V.A.,
Sevryukov V.V
Solonichenko Yu.V
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Стр.1
HYDROGEN BEHAVIOUR IN REPAIR WELDING
OF THE MAIN PIPELINES UNDER PRESSURE
V.I. MAKHNENKO, O.I. OLEJNIK and A.P. PALTSEVICH
E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute, NASU, Kiev, Ukraine
Possibility of diffusion hydrogen penetration from hydrocarbon gas transported through the gas pipeline during repair
welding performance on an operating pipeline has been analyzed. It is shown that at partial pressure of diffusion hydrogen
on the inner surface of steel pipe in the range of 0.10—0.75 MPa at residual wall thickness in the defect zone of more
than 5 mm increase of the parameter of hydrogen (cold) cracking risk is not higher than 5—11 %. Values of experimental
measurements of diffusion hydrogen flow through the pipe wall in operating pipelines are given.
Keywords: repair arc welding, operating gas pipelines,
diffusion hydrogen, gas pipeline wall, hydrogen cracks, risk of
formation
A typical problem in repair welding of the main gas
pipelines in stringent modes (low heat input) is the
risk of appearance of cold (hydrogen) cracks, the formation
of which is essentially affected by diffusion
hydrogen in the welded joint metal. Application of
consumables with a low hydrogen content in combination
with reliable protection of the weld pool from
the environment allows an essential lowering of the
content of diffusion hydrogen in the HAZ. However,
there still remains one more source of diffusion hydrogen
– natural gas transported through the pipeline,
which contains hydrogen in the form of chemical
compounds (methane, propane, ethane, butane), or
in the molecular form H2 which does not diffuse into
the pipeline wall metal. However, depending on pressure
and temperature, natural gas can be in the twophase
state, i.e. the liquid phase also exists alongside
the gas phase. Figure 1 gives the two-phase state diagram
of natural gas, from which it follows that at
working pressures of about 7.5 MPa and temperatures
of 40—50 °C the liquid phase is equal to approximately
20 % of the mixture volume. In the liquid phase free
hydrogen can dissolve in the atomic form. Considering
the high degree of gas turbulization in the main gas
pipeline, higher density of the liquid phase and lower
temperature in the pipe section at its walls, it can be
assumed that the liquid phase concentrates at the pipe
walls and from the liquid phase the dissolved atomic
hydrogen diffuses into the pipe wall metal, respectively.
Under the stationary conditions of natural gas
transportation, hydrogen flow J through the wall can
be presented in the following form [1]:
J = — D ∂C
∂r
(ml/(cm2⋅s)),
(1)
where D is the average coefficient of hydrogen diffusion
through the pipe wall metal; C(r) is the concentration
of diffusion hydrogen across the pipe wall
thickness (coordinate r).
At the stationary flow and small wall thicknesses
J ≈ C(Rout) — C(Rin)
δ
D,
(2)
where C(Rout) is the hydrogen concentration on the
outer surface r = Rout; C(Rin) is the same on the pipe
inner surface r = Rin.
Assuming that C(Rout) ≈ 0, and C(Rin) ≈ √
⎯⎯⎯⎯PH2
according to Sievert’s law, where PH2
K(T)
is the partial
pressure of hydrogen on the surface r = Rin, ata; K(T)
is the diffusivity of hydrogen in the pipe wall metal
at temperature T (Figure 2), cm3/(100 g⋅ata1/2), we
obtain
C(Rin) = J δ
D(T) (ml/100 g)
Figure 1. Phase diagram characteristic for natural hydrocarbon
mixture
or in the most often used dimension
© V.I. MAKHNENKO, O.I. OLEJNIK and A.P. PALTSEVICH, 2011
2
9/2011
(3)
Стр.2