International Scientific-Technical and Production Journal
December
2010
# 12
English translation of the monthly «Avtomaticheskaya Svarka» (Automatic Welding) journal published in Russian since 1948
Founders: E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute of the NAS of Ukraine
International Association «Welding»
Editor-in-Chief B.E.Paton
Publisher: International Association «Welding»
CONTENTS
Editorial board:
Yu. <...> N.Lankin I.K.Pokhodnya
V.N.Lipodaev V.D.Poznyakov
V.I.Makhnenko K.A.Yushchenko
O.K.Nazarenko A.T.Zelnichenko
I.A.Ryabtsev
International editorial council:
N.P.Alyoshin
U.Diltey
Guan Qiao
D. von Hofe
V.I.Lysak
N.I.Nikiforov
B.E.Paton
Ya. <...> It is shown that
in TIG and A-TIG welding the distribution of temperature over the weld pool surface above the boiling point has a
characteristic plateau, the size of which is commensurable with size of the anode spot of the arc, the maximal temperature
and size of this plateau being somewhat smaller in A-TIG welding. <...> Problems of mathematical description and modelling
of the Marangoni convection developing in A-TIG welding by the thermal-capillary and concentration-capillary mechanisms are discussed. <...> Two circulation flows may form in the weld pool, their interaction causing a flow of the melt
directed deep into the weld pool. <...> K e y w o r d s : TIG and A-TIG welding, stainless steel, stationary and moving arc, weld pool surface temperature, capillary Marangoni convection, force factors, penetration, experiment, mathematical modelling
The authors in their previous studies [1, 2] considered
the phenomenological model of existence and interaction of the TIG/A-TIG arc—weld pool system, as well
as the probability of existence of the quasi-keyhole in
A-TIG welding. <...> The temperature profile in overheating of the weld
pool surface (in transverse direction) to a temperature
above the boiling point has a characteristic plateau at
T > Tb (Figure 1).
© D.V. KOVALENKO, I.V. KRIVTSUN, V.F. DEMCHENKO and I.V. KOVALENKO, 2010
2
12/2010
Figure 1. <...> Aerosol activating flux PATIG S-A
was used for A-TIG welding. <...> Welding conditions were
similar to the calculated ones: welding current –
100 A, installed arc length – 1.5 mm, and welding
speed – 100 <...>
The_Paton_Welding_Journal_№12_2010.pdf
International Scientific-Technical and Production Journal
December
2010
# 12
English translation of the monthly «Avtomaticheskaya Svarka» (Automatic Welding) journal published in Russian since 1948
Editor-in-Chief B.E.Paton
Yu.S.Borisov V.F.Khorunov
A.Ya.Ishchenko I.V.Krivtsun
B.V.Khitrovskaya L.M.Lobanov
V.I.Kirian A.A.Mazur
S.I.Kuchuk-Yatsenko
Yu.N.Lankin I.K.Pokhodnya
V.N.Lipodaev V.D.Poznyakov
V.I.Makhnenko K.A.Yushchenko
O.K.Nazarenko A.T.Zelnichenko
I.A.Ryabtsev
CONTENTS
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL
. and
. Peculiarities of thermal and hydrodynamic
processes occurring in TIG and A-TIG welding of stainless
steel .................................................................................................... 2
. and
.
Risk of formation of carbides and α-phase in welding of
high-alloy chrome-nickel steels ............................................................ 5
N.P.Alyoshin (Russia)
U.Diltey (Germany)
Guan Qiao (China)
D. von Hofe (Germany)
V.I.Lysak (Russia)
N.I.Nikiforov (Russia)
B.E.Paton (Ukraine)
Ya.Pilarczyk (Poland)
G.A.Turichin (Russia)
Zhang Yanmin (China)
A.S.Zubchenko (Russia)
V.N.Lipodaev, V.I.Lokteva
A.T.Zelnichenko (exec. director)
A.A.Fomin, O.S.Kurochko,
I.N.Kutianova, T.K.Vasilenko
N.A.Dmitrieva
D.I.Sereda, T.Yu.Snegiryova
. and
. and
. Research and developments of the E.O. Paton
Electric Welding Institute in the field of electric arc welding
and surfacing using flux-cored wire (Review) ....................................... 26
. Japanese welding fabrication during 2009
economic crisis ................................................................................... 33
BRIEF INFORMATION
State Registration Certificate
KV 4790 of 09.01.2001
$324, 12 issues per year,
postage and packaging included.
Back issues available.
All rights reserved.
This publication and each of the articles
contained herein are protected by copyright.
Permission to reproduce material contained in
this journal must be obtained in writing from
the Publisher.
Copies of individual articles may be obtained
from the Publisher.
© PWI, International Association «Welding», 2010
. and
. Deposition of TiO2 coatings by high-velocity
air-gas suspension plasma spraying .................................................... 37
NEWS
International Exhibition «Weldex/Rossvarka-2010» ............................... 39
Decoration of Chinese scientist ........................................................... 42
K.A. Yushchenko is 75 ........................................................................ 43
Index of articles for TPWJ’2010, Nos. 1—12 ......................................... 45
List of authors ..................................................................................... 49
.
Energy characteristics of the processes of flash-butt welding
at alternating and direct currents ........................................................ 22
. and
. On phase
transformations in agglomerated flux of salt-oxide slag system
at heating ............................................................................................ 9
. Wear resistance and strength of tungsten carbides
WC—W2C produced by different methods ............................................. 15
.,
. and
INDUSTRIAL
.
Diagnostics of corrosion state of inner surface of main oil
pipeline .............................................................................................. 18
Pub
l
Founders:
E. r
Inte
O
.
Pa iona
a
n
ton Ele
t
ctr
l A
ssocia
t
ic W
e
lding Institute
l
ion «W
e
of the
ding»
NA
S of Ukr
a
ine
K v
Ko
Editorial b
o
ard:
ovaal
le k
e
nko D
n
o
.V
I
.
., K
V
r
ivt
s
un I.V
isher:
Inte
r
n
a
t
iona
l A
ssocia
t
ion «W
e
l
ding»
., D
e
mche
nko V
.F
Ma
khnenko V.I., K
Sokols
International editorial c
ounc
il:
o
zlitina
S.S., D
z
yuba
Goncha
ky V.E
rov I.A., M
i
., Roik A.S., D
che
s
h
a .D
ko D
n
videnko A.O., Ga
k L.I
Krav
ets V.
P
Tokarev V.S
linich V.I.,
Ga
Bely A.I k
Polya
ov S.G
Nyrkova L.I., Melnichuk S.L
u
K r
K
Promotion group:
uivonos
chuk-Y
a
t
s
e
pula
N.A
V.P., Sidorenko V.M., Nejlo Y
nko S.I., R
de
nko P.M
Pokhodnya
Translators:or:
Elec
Edi
t
tron galley:
EInte
.O rnati
. P
11, Bozhenko str., 0
( 38044)
a o
tonnal A
E
l
T a
e x:
l.
ssoc
i
F E-mai
: (
h
Address: 368
ectric Weld
in
38044)l: journal@paton.ki
528 04 86,
287 67 57, s.gov.u
://www.n
ati 0
o Kyiv, U
g In
n «We
, 200 82 77
ldi k
stitu
t
ngraine
e,
»,
200 82 77
v.ua
e
a
ttp
a/p
w
j
Ryabtsev I.A
I.K
., Shlepa
., Ga.S
vris
u
kov V.N., Ma
h V Gus
.S.,
h
chin K
ks
imov S.Y
u
.V
Makovetskaya O.K u a V.
.S., Boris
Boris
K
u sh
Yaro
zmich-Y
o
v Y
en
ko
nchuk E
.
A
oK
va., Tunik A.Y
A.L., K
o u
lomyts
., K
ev M.V.,
o
za
ruk O.N
Subscriptions:
Стр.1
PECULIARITIES OF THERMAL
AND HYDRODYNAMIC PROCESSES OCCURRING
IN TIG AND A-TIG WELDING OF STAINLESS STEEL
D.V. KOVALENKO, I.V. KRIVTSUN, V.F. DEMCHENKO and I.V. KOVALENKO
E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute, NASU, Kiev, Ukraine
Analysis of distribution of temperature over the surface of the weld pool in TIG and A-TIG welding of stainless steel
using the stationary and moving arc was carried out on the basis of calculation and experimental data. It is shown that
in TIG and A-TIG welding the distribution of temperature over the weld pool surface above the boiling point has a
characteristic plateau, the size of which is commensurable with size of the anode spot of the arc, the maximal temperature
and size of this plateau being somewhat smaller in A-TIG welding. Problems of mathematical description and modelling
of the Marangoni convection developing in A-TIG welding by the thermal-capillary and concentration-capillary mechanisms
are discussed. Two circulation flows may form in the weld pool, their interaction causing a flow of the melt
directed deep into the weld pool.
Keywords: TIG and A-TIG welding, stainless steel, stationary
and moving arc, weld pool surface temperature, capillary
Marangoni convection, force factors, penetration, experiment,
mathematical modelling
The authors in their previous studies [1, 2] considered
the phenomenological model of existence and interaction
of the TIG/A-TIG arc—weld pool system, as well
as the probability of existence of the quasi-keyhole in
A-TIG welding. Peculiarities of the effect on formation
of the weld pool and weld by thermal, mass exchange,
electromagnetic, hydro- and gas-dynamic
processes occurring in the arc column and weld pool
in A-TIG welding using the stationary and moving
arc were studied on the basis of analysis of experimental
data and theoretical estimates. A substantial,
fundamental difference in formation of the welds made
by TIG and A-TIG welding with the moving and stationary
arc was shown. This difference consists in the
fact that in welding with the moving arc the processes
of melting and solidification of the weld metal occur
simultaneously, whereas in spot welding they are separated
in time. Formation of the A-TIG spot weld is
characterised by the presence of a specific deep crater
with reinforcement on the weld periphery, which results
from subsequent shrinkage phenomena. A fundamentally
different formation of flows of the arc
column plasma about the weld pool surface, directed
from the periphery to centre, may take place in A-TIG
welding, compared to TIG welding, this causing transfer
of the overheated metal to the pool bottom and
formation of the narrow and deep welds.
Study [3] offered a conjugate mathematical model
of thermal, electromagnetic and hydrodynamic processes
occurring in a weldment in stationary (spot)
TIG welding. As established by modelling, parameters
that determine the thermal state and hydrodynamics
of the weld pool in arc welding are sizes of the anode
(diameter of the current channel at anode) and heat
2
spots of the arc, Ra and Rh, respectively. The cardinal
difference in penetrating capacity of the TIG and ATIG
welding methods is caused by a different proportion
between sizes of the current and heat spots. Comparative
analysis of the effect by three different force
factors (Lorentz force, Marangoni effect, and Archimedes
force) on the hydrodynamics and thermal
state of the weld pool was carried out on the basis of
results of experimental and calculation studies of the
kinetics of penetration in TIG and A-TIG welding.
At a small size of the anode spot (less than 4 mm),
the dominant factor that determines depth and shape
of the weld spot was shown to be a centripetal component
of the Lorentz force.
Analysis of our results, as well as results of the
studies performed by other authors, required additional
experimental and theoretical investigations.
The purpose of this study was to conduct comparative
analysis of experimental and calculation data on
distribution of temperature over the weld pool surface,
and consider peculiarities of capillary convection in
TIG and A-TIG welding of stainless steel by using
the stationary and moving arc.
Peculiarities of distribution of temperature over
the weld pool surface. The calculations made by using
the mathematical model [3] indicate to the probability
of increase in density of the heat flow that exists at
certain sizes of the anode and heat spots of the stationary
TIG arc in welding of stainless steel 304, while
this increase may lead to extra overheating of the weld
pool surface to a temperature above boiling point Tb.
This results in growth of heat losses for evaporation
and decrease in assimilation of heat by the weldment.
The temperature profile in overheating of the weld
pool surface (in transverse direction) to a temperature
above the boiling point has a characteristic plateau at
T > Tb (Figure 1).
© D.V. KOVALENKO, I.V. KRIVTSUN, V.F. DEMCHENKO and I.V. KOVALENKO, 2010
12/2010
Стр.2