International Scientific-Technical and Production Journal
April
2010
# 4
English translation of the monthly «Avtomaticheskaya Svarka» (Automatic Welding) journal published in Russian since 1948
Editor-in-Chief B.E.Paton
Yu.S.Borisov V.F.Khorunov
A.Ya.Ishchenko I.V.Krivtsun
B.V.Khitrovskaya L.M.Lobanov
V.I.Kirian A.A.Mazur
S.I.Kuchuk-Yatsenko
Yu.N.Lankin I.K.Pokhodnya
V.N.Lipodaev V.D.Poznyakov
V.I.Makhnenko K.A.Yushchenko
O.K.Nazarenko A.T.Zelnichenko
I.A.Ryabtsev
CONTENTS
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL
. Analysis of factors of subsolidus crack
formation in welding metals with fcc-structure of
crystalline lattice (Review) ............................................................. 2
. and
N.P.Alyoshin (Russia)
U.Diltey (Germany)
Guan Qiao (China)
D. von Hofe (Germany)
V.I.Lysak (Russia)
N.I.Nikiforov (Russia)
B.E.Paton (Ukraine)
Ya.Pilarczyk (Poland)
P.Seyffarth (Germany)
G.A.Turichin (Russia)
Zhang Yanmin (China)
A.S.Zubchenko (Russia)
V.N.Lipodaev, V.I.Lokteva
A.T.Zelnichenko (exec. director)
A.A.Fomin, O.S.Kurochko,
I.N.Kutianova, T.K.Vasilenko
PE «Melnik A.M.»
N.A.Dmitrieva
D.I.Sereda, T.Yu.Snegiryova
. Structure and
properties of high-manganese deposited metal ............................. 7
. and
. Repair of pipelines using orbital TIG welding
inside inhabited space objects ..................................................... 10
. Evaluation of temperature shift depending
upon the specimen thickness by the force and
deformation criteria of fracture mechanics .................................... 14
. and
. Properties of
tungsten carbide powders produced by different
technologies ................................................................................ 22
.
and
. Plasma ZrO2 coatings with metallic
bond coat of alloy AlCuFe ............................................................ 25
INDUSTRIAL
. and
. Advance of ferrous
metallurgy and welding consumables production in PRC
(Review) ...................................................................................... 30
. and
. Resistance welding of steel reinforcement
using composite insert ................................................................. 34
. and
. Friction stir welding as an effective method to
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© PWI, International Association «Welding», 2010
improve structure performance .................................................... 37
. and
. Code designations of locally
manufactured fluxes and flux + wire combinations in
keeping with international standards ............................................. 42
BRIEF INFORMATION
. Influence of working frequency on
dimensions of transformers for AC resistance welding ................... 49
News ........................................................................................... 51
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Lankin Yu.N
Zalevsky A.V., Galinich V.I., Protsenko N.A
Kukharenko V.V
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Стр.1
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS OF SUBSOLIDUS CRACK
FORMATION IN WELDING METALS WITH
FCC-STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALLINE LATTICE (Review)
A.A. SLIVINSKY
NTUU «Kiev Polytechnic Institute», Kiev, Ukraine
The paper gives terminological analysis of the phenomenon of subsolidus cracking in welding. Structural and technological
factors affecting subsolidus crack formation in welding of various materials with fcc-structure of the crystalline lattice
are considered. The need for generalizing the current concepts on this issue with application of modern physical models
from the field of dislocation theory of plastic deformation and brittle fracture mechanisms at high-temperature creep is
noted.
Keywords: fusion welding, subsolidus cracks, austenitic
steels, nickel, aluminium, copper alloys, terminological analysis
In keeping with the generally accepted concepts, a
separate kind of brittle intercrystalline (intergranular)
fracture of weld and HAZ metal is called subsolidus
cracks in welding. They initiate after completion
of solidification in completely solidified metal,
but at high temperatures, sufficient for predominant
development of viscoplastic deformation in it [1—5].
In foreign publications, including several normative
documents (DVS 1004-1, DIN 8524-3 and DIN EN
ISO 6520-1), this type of hot cracks are usually called
ductility dip cracks (DDC).
In terms of the widely accepted N.N. Prokhorov
deformation-kinetic theory of technological strength
[6—11] it is not quite correct to call hot cracks of only
a certain type like that, as any cases of cracking in
welding are related to the joined metal staying in the
appropriate temperature range of lower ductility, socalled
brittle temperature range (BTR). On the other
hand, the phenomenon of an abrupt ductility drop in
steels and alloys suitable for high-temperature plastic
deformation during their staying in the temperature
range of (0.5—0.8)Tmelt and the thus caused cracking
at hot forming (forge rolling, stamping, press-forging
treatment) or heat treatment has been known for many
years [12—14], which is exactly what led to inclusion
of the term of «ductility dip cracks» into the international
welding terminology.
Despite a long-time study of the phenomenon of
ductility dip or subsolidus cracks, the mechanism of
their formation in welding is not completely clear yet.
Proceeding from analysis of published sources, we can
unambiguously state only the presence of a number
of common features, characteristic of subsolidus crack
formation. Numerous studies of subsolidus crack surface
fractography [1, 15, 16] point to their development
at high temperatures, as well as the brittle, intergranular
or intercrystalline nature of fracture at
the moment of initaition and growth of these defects.
© A.A. SLIVINSKY, 2010
2
However, these investigations, as a rule do not give
any grounds to state the presence of liquid inclusions
on grain boundaries during cracking.
In addition, presence of a subsolidus brittle temperature
range in a certain material, unlike the «solidification
BTR», is not objectively attributable to
the very specifics of the fusion welding process. While
potential susceptibility to solidification cracking is
demonstrated by all the structural alloys at any welding
processes, as well as with some other pressure
welding processes, accompanied by material overheating
above the solidus temperature, initiation of subsolidus
cracks requires running of special structural
and phase transformation in the solid metal, the probability
of which essentially depends on its composition.
The most susceptible to formation of subsolidus
hot cracks in welding or heat treatment are metallic
materials with face-centered cubic (fcc) crystalline
lattice: austenitic class steels [16—18], nickel- [2, 4,
13, 19—24], aluminium- [25], copper- [26], gold- and
platinum-base [27] alloys.
Results of numerous studies of weldability of these
materials point to a set of certain predominantly structural
factors, influencing subsolidus cracking in welding.
They include grain size, type, geometry and orientation
of intergranular boundaries in relation to acting
stresses, presence of precipitates of other phases,
segregation of impurities or higher concentration of
dislocated atoms on intergranular boundaries, as well
as welding heat input and temperature rate of deformation.
Thermally
activated grain coarsening increases the
extent of BTR and reduces the material deformability
[28, 29], and also intensifies the processes of intergranular
slipping [2] under the impact of welding
stresses, thus promoting crack initiation. On the other
hand, the results of investigations conducted by the
authors of [30] with nickel alloys of different structure
and composition, do not point to the presence of a
strict interrelation between the susceptibility to subsolidus
cracking and base metal grain size.
4/2010
Стр.2