Северный (Арктический) федеральный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова

Public opinion has become increasingly critical of current logging methods and technologies, and there is a demand for standards to guide the operations of environmentally impactful industries. For many years, numerous researchers have studied the impact of logging on forest soils, revealing that there is a high risk of damaging forest soil during forest operations and terrain transport. Here we analyse and review a total of 105 publications in this area. This large body of work demonstrates the scientific interest that this field has attracted. Despite this, important areas of uncertainty concerning the impact of forest harvesting still remain. In particular, changes in soil conditions can affect soil properties in ways that are not well understood, with possible impacts on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils as well as the structure of the soil cover. While it is difficult to fully eliminate the negative impact of forest operations on forest soils, their adverse environmental consequences should be minimised because soil plays a vital role in tree regeneration and helps determine the productivity of future forest stands. Some of the most frequently cited measures and effective technological solutions to minimize damage to forest soils involve taking terrain and different technical solutions into account when organising logging operations. Potentially helpful technical solutions include selecting machines and mechanisms suitable for the site conditions, using larger and/or low-pressure tyres, using tyre pressure control, using anti-skid tracks, using track belts, meliorating wet areas, and using logging machinery incorporating global positioning systems and geographic information systems. Planning measures that can help minimize soil damage include choosing a suitable wood harvesting system and technology, accounting for seasonal factors when planning logging operations, planning networks of roads and trails in advance, leaving wood residues or mats on soil surface, training forest specialists, and reducing the number of machine passes over skid trails and strip roads. Despite active interest in applying sparing methods of wood harvesting, uptake of measures designed to reduce negative impacts on forest soils after logging has been limited. This may be due to a lack of scientific and technical information and the high cost of implementing best management practices. Moreover, economic factors and production plans may require wood harvesting throughout the year, irrespective of conditions. For citation: Ilintsev A.S., Nakvasina E.N., Högbom L. Methods of Protection Forest Soils during Logging Operations (Review). Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 5, pp. 92–116. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-5-92-116 Funding: The research was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation as part of the project “Patterns of Changes in the Forest Site Environment under the Influence of Anthropogenic Factors (Logging) in the Boreal Forests of the North” No. МК-2622.2021.5. Part of the research was carried out within the framework of the state assignment of the Northern Research Institute of Forestry (No. 121020500252-6).
Отношение общественности к вопросу экологичности лесозаготовительных методов и технологий заготовки древесины становится все более критичным. Анализ 105 публикаций, включенных в данный обзор, показывает, что подобные исследования вызывают интерес у ученых всего мира. За длительный период изучения обозначенной проблемы накопилось много работ о влиянии рубок леса на лесные почвы. Однако, как отмечают специалисты, эти знания еще не являются полными. На вырубках вследствие движения машин во время выполнения технологических операций появляются различные повреждения грунта. Изменения условий почвообразования в той или иной степени отражаются на всех свойствах почвы: физических, химических и биологических – а также на структуре почвенного покрова. Полностью исключить воздействие лесозаготовительной техники на лесные почвы невозможно, но свести к минимуму необходимо. Наиболее часто указываемые и эффективные технологические решения по ограничению негативных последствий прохода лесной техники это: проведение лесозаготовительных работ с учетом природных факторов; выбор системы заготовки древесины; планирование сезона лесозаготовок, методов лесосечных работ, технологической сети; оставление порубочных остатков на поверхности почвы; дополнительное обучение специалистов, работающих в лесу; подбор системы машин и механизмов; снижение количества проездов техники по технологическим волокам; использование шин большего размера и низкого давления, системы управления давлением в шинах; применение цепей противоскольжения, гусеничных лент; проведение мелиорации влажных участков; установка систем GPS и GIS в лесозаготовительной технике. Несмотря на активный интерес к щадящим методам заготовки древесины, меры, направленные на сохранение лесных почв после осуществления лесозаготовительных работ, приняты в недостаточном объеме. Причинами могут быть неполнота научно-технической информации и высокая стоимость внедрения передовой практики управления. Кроме того, экономические факторы и производственные планы требуют заготовки древесины в течение всего года и не принимают в расчет неблагоприятные погодные условия. Для цитирования: Ilintsev A.S., Nakvasina E.N., Högbom L. Methods of Protection Forest Soils during Logging Operations (Review) // Изв. вузов. Лесн. журн. 2021. № 5. С. 92–116. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-5-92-116 Финансирование: Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации в рамках проекта МК-2622.2021.5 «Закономерности изменения лесорастительной среды под влиянием антропогенных факторов (рубок леса) в бореальных лесах Севера». Часть исследования проведена в рамках государственного задания ФБУ «СевНИИЛХ» (№ 121020500252-6).

Учебно-методическое пособие имеет унифицированную структуру тематических блоков о современных тенденциях в архитектуре. Каждый подраздел включает тексты для чтения, лексические, предтекстовые и послетекстовые задания, задания на говорение. В пособии представлены многочисленные практические задания, мотивирующие студентов к автономному поиску необходимой информации, что непосредственно согласуется с положениями стандартов современного образования. Предложенный авторами ряд справочных разделов (Reference Sections), включает основные принципы письменного перевода, реферирования и аннотирования письменного текста, краткую справку об архитекторах. Данный корпус справочной информации может быть использован в качестве вспомогательного материала на занятиях по английскому языку.

Satellite data becomes an important tool for monitoring global change in forest cover. Further development of remote sensing technologies creates opportunities for solving more complex problems requiring multi-time analysis of satellite data. Assessment of success reforestation after a disturbance in forest cover is such an important task. The traditional method of an assessment of successful reforestation is laying out the ground plots, which task requires significant time and resources. Fieldworks and transfer of land to forest cover land is carried out according to the method, which is developed by the Federal Agency for Forestry of Russia. This method has various criteria of success reforestation for every region. Arkhangelsk region, Vologda region and Republic of Karelia became the territories for research. Forest vegetation of this region belongs to the taiga zone and is divided into five groups: the area of pre-tundra forests and sparse taiga, northern taiga, middle taiga and south taiga. International forest classification relates this area to boreal forest. The task of transfer land to forest cover land can be optimized by using remote sensing data. This research shows analysis of recovery of the normalized difference vegetation index, the shortwave vegetation index and the normalized burn ratio in the framework of reforestation objects. Filed data was collected for every object and this data includes a number of young trees, average height and species composition. Processing of a considerable number of satellite imageries requires significant computing power because of the Google Earth Engine platform using for analysis data. The most suitable index was chosen in the analysis of the obtained data for the development of an automatic method for transfer land to forest cover land. The most suitable index for dividing lands on forest cover and nonforest cover lands is the shortwave vegetation index. Optimal threshold for transferring land is achievement of recovery index of 80 % from initial values before disturbance. The automatic method was developed using unsupervised classification and threshold values of recovery index. For citation: Karpov A., Waske B. Method for Transferring Non-Forest Cover to Forest Cover Land Using Landsat Imageries. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2020, no. 3, pp. 83–92. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2020-3-83-92 Funding: This research was undertaken as part of the project “Forest Monitoring in the Arkhangelsk Region, Using Multisensory Remote Sensing Data” funded by the Russian Ministry of Education and Science and the German Academic Exchange Service in the framework of the Michail‐Lomonosov‐Programme (project no. АААА-А19-119020590052-2)
Спутниковые данные становятся важным инструментом для мониторинга изменений, происходящих в лесном покрове. Дальнейшее развитие технологий дистанционного зондирования Земли создает возможности для решения более сложных задач, требующих многократного анализа спутниковых данных. Оценка успешности лесовосстановления после возникновения нарушений в лесном покрове является такой задачей. Традиционный метод оценки успешности лесовозобновления – закладка пробных площадей – требует значительных временных затрат и ресурсов. Полевые работы и отнесение земель к землям, занятым лесными насаждениями, через закладку пробных площадей производятся по методике, разработанной Федеральным агентством лесного хозяйства России. Данная методика имеет различные критерии успешного лесовозобновления для каждого региона. Территориями исследования стали Архангельская и Вологодская области, а также Республика Карелия. Растительность данного региона относится к таежной зоне и разделяется на пять групп: районы притундровых лесов и редкостойной тайги, северо-таежный, среднетаежный и южно-таежный районы. Международная классификация относит данные леса к группе бореальных. Использование спутниковых данных позволит оптимизировать мероприятия по отнесению лесных участков к землям, занятым лесными насаждениями. Проведен анализ индексов восстановления NDVI, SWVI и NBR на объектах лесовозобновления. На каждый исследуемый объект получены полевые данные о количестве подроста, средней высоте древостоя и породном составе. Обработка большого количества спутниковых снимков требует значительных вычислительных мощностей, поэтому для проведения анализа использовалась платформа Google Earth Engine. На основе полученных данных выбран наиболее пригодный для создания автоматической методики по переводу земель в лесопокрытую площадь индекс SWVI как наилучший спектральный индекс для разделения земель на достигшие и не достигшие критериев отнесения к землям, занятым лесными насаждениями. Оптимальным порогом для перевода земель стало достижение 80 % восстановления от первоначальных значений индекса до возникновения нарушений в лесном покрове. Использование метода k-средних и пороговых значений индекса для перевода позволило создать автоматизированную методику. Для цитирования: Karpov A., Waske B. Method for Transferring Non-Forest Cover to Forest Cover Land Using Landsat Imageries // Изв. вузов. Лесн. журн. 2020. № 3. С. 83–92. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2020-3-83-92 Финансирование: Данное исследование проведено в рамках проекта «Мониторинг лесов в Архангельской области с использованием данных мультисенсорного дистанционного зондирования», финансируемого Министерством образования и науки России и Германской службой академических обменов в рамках программы «Михаил Ломоносов» (проект № АААА-А19-119020590052-2)

Research was carried out in the Botanical garden of Petrozavodsk state University, located on the Northern shore of the Petrozavodsk Bay of lake Onega (middle taiga subzone, 61°47’ n). during two vegetation periods. The objects of study served as an indigenous species Picea abies (L.) Karst, and two introduced species – Picea pungens Engelm. f. glauca Regel. Picea canadensis (Mill.) Britton et al. Age and height of Picea abies – respectively 47 years and 16 m, Picea pungens – 36 years and 12 m, Picea canadensis – 22 years and 6 m. Morphological characteristics of pollen grains were estimated by the following morphometric characteristics: diameter, length of pollen grain, polar axis, height of pollen grain with air bags, area of pollen grain projection, perimeter, form factor and eccentricity. The study of statistical characteristics of samples allowed us to establish that the accuracy rate in determining the arithmetic mean values of the morphometric parameters under study is quite high and varies by species from 0.7 to 3.5%.The pollen grains of the studied species were found to be bag-shaped or wide-ellipsoid. Their outline from the pole is elliptical, from the equator it is wide-trapezoid. The colour of the grains is yellow, the surface of the body is lumpy, and the bags are rough. The pollen grains of the aboriginal Picea abies species are 3–20 % larger than those of the introduced species. The size of the Picea pungens pollen exceeds that of Picea canadensis by 4–48 %. There is a fairly strong linear relationship between individual morphometric parameters of a pollen grain (r = 0.5–0.8). The viability of the pollen of the aboriginal Picea abies species in South Karelia is about twice as high as that of the introduced species of Picea canadensis and Picea pungens.

Deciphering the satellite images of medium and high spatial resolution of the northern territories of Western Siberia has been carried out using geoinformation system ArcGIS 10.3. Images of medium resolution Landsat-8 and high resolution Kanopus-V were used. Kanopus-V images alluded to determine the number and areas of small lakes, which are considered as intensive sources of methane emission into the atmosphere from thermokarst lakes. Data on the spatial characteristics of thermokarst lakes were obtained. Based on the integration of images of medium and high spatial resolution, a synthesized histogram of the distribution of lakes in a wide range of sizes was constructed, taking into account small lakes. The obtained histogram was approximated by a lognormal distribution law by the Pearson criterion with a probability of 0.99. Based on the geo-simulation approach, a new model of the spatial structure of the fields of thermokarst lakes is presented, taking into account the lognormal law of the lake size-distribution. Algorithms for modeling the spatial structure of the fields of thermokarst lakes are described. An example of modeling the field of thermokarst lakes with a lognormal law of their size-distribution is given. The practical applicability of the previously developed model with an exponential distribution of lakes in size, based on data from Landsat images, has been experimentally confirmed. The results can be used to obtain predictions of the dynamics of methane emissions from the thermokarst lakes of the Arctic zone of Northern Eurasia for the coming decades in the context of climate changes.

Deciphering the satellite images of medium and high spatial resolution of the northern territories of Western Siberia has been carried out using geoinformation system ArcGIS 10.3. Images of medium resolution Landsat-8 and high resolution Kanopus-V were used. Kanopus-V images alluded to determine the number and areas of small lakes, which are considered as intensive sources of methane emission into the atmosphere from thermokarst lakes. Data on the spatial characteristics of thermokarst lakes were obtained. Based on the integration of images of medium and high spatial resolution, a synthesized histogram of the distribution of lakes in a wide range of sizes was constructed, taking into account small lakes. The obtained histogram was approximated by a lognormal distribution law by the Pearson criterion with a probability of 0.99. Based on the geo-simulation approach, a new model of the spatial structure of the fields of thermokarst lakes is presented, taking into account the lognormal law of the lake size-distribution. Algorithms for modeling the spatial structure of the fields of thermokarst lakes are described. An example of modeling the field of thermokarst lakes with a lognormal law of their size-distribution is given. The practical applicability of the previously developed model with an exponential distribution of lakes in size, based on data from Landsat images, has been experimentally confirmed. The results can be used to obtain predictions of the dynamics of methane emissions from the thermokarst lakes of the Arctic zone of Northern Eurasia for the coming decades in the context of climate changes. Citation: Polishchuk VYu, Muratov IN, Polishchuk YuM (2019) Modeling spatial structure of thermokarst lake fields in permafrost of Western Siberia based on satellite images. Arctic Environmental Research 19(1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3897/issn2541-8416.2019.19.1.1

An important step in research planning is the choice of methodology. This is especially important for territories which are difficult to access such as in the Arctic, where successive repetitions of field works require significant resources. The methodology utilizing the local fauna has been used over the past twenty years. It provides comparable data on the structure of fauna and species richness for different territories. The purpose of the present study was to assess the “local fauna method” with respect to fauna studies of ground beetles in the Arctic forest-tundra zone. The research was conducted from June 18 2017 to August 30 2017 within the Polar Urals (10 km from the Harp settlement in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, which is a state of Russia). Carabids were sampled by using pitfall traps on 20 sites. This article will also include the results of our previous research concerning the structure of some local faunas from the forest-tundra zone of Nenets Autonomous Okrug (settlements Nes’, Oma, Khorey-Ver). The results of this study demonstrate the following: 1) the local fauna of the Polar Urals has 85 species of ground beetles from 25 genera, which is 77% of species lists of carabids for a 70-year period of research within the Polar Urals; 2) the local fauna of the Polar Urals has 29% similarity of list species with local faunas from the European part of the Arctic, with similar compositions of zoogeographical groups and life forms; 3) in one research period there was 90% detection of carabids species in the forest-tundra local fauna using the sampling method of pitfall traps within a period of 40 days, conducted at 15 sites, with the predominance of southern types of plant communities (meadows, forests).

During the production of gas in the Far North and the Arctic, the formation of hydrate and ice plugs in intrafield flowlines is a major concern. The existing methods for determining the onset of hydrate formation are mostly based on the analysis of pressure-and-temperature conditions and therefore they only allow to detect the occurrence of conditions for hydrate formation. They do not allow to localize the specific place where hydrates start to form. The recently developed methods based on echolocation technology have a number of limitations due to the physical nature of the radiation used in them. The proposed method for the monitoring of hydrate formation processes in intrafield flowlines is based on a combination of analysis of pressure-and-temperature conditions in the flowline and the results of flowlines echolocation obtained by means of periodic generation of scanning pressure waves at the end of the flowline (from the side of the switching valve building). The flowlines are divided into characteristic sections bound by characteristic points linked to the structure of the flowline. The propagation speed of the scanning pressure wave is determined in each measuring cycle within the reference section. This can be any section between the characteristic points to which the distance is precisely known and which produce well-defined waveforms and time-stable reflections of scanning pressure waves, for example, the first section located adjacent to the switching valve building. The obtained echograms are compared with the model echogram, which is obtained from a flowline, which is known to be unclogged. Any abnormal change in the signal amplitude is indicative of an onset of the formation of a new local resistance. The proposed recursion formula makes it possible to calculate the temperature in the proximity of this local resistance and, taking into account the pressure value using the diagram of three-phase equilibria for hydrate-forming gases, to diagnose the possibility of existence of crystalline hydrates at a given point. Since pressure-and-temperature conditions for the formation of ice and hydrates are different, the proposed method is selective and enables accurate prediction of the nature of potential buildups.

The molluscan fauna of the Syoyakha (Zelenaya) River remain poorly explored even though the Syoyakha is one of the biggest rivers on the Yamal Peninsula. The Syoyakha River is remarkable for its high fish stocking capacity and it plays an important role in the seasonal distribution and migration of commercial fish species. Freshwater mollusks are known to be a major component of freshwater ecosystems and they make up a part of the diet of many commercially important fish species. The species composition of the mollusks inhabiting the lower reaches of the Syoyakha River has been studied. Five bivalve species of the family Sphaeriidae were found, namely Sphaerium corneum (Linnaeus, 1758), Pisidium casertanum (Poli, 1791), P. globulare (Clessin in Westerlund, 1873), P. lilljeborgi (Clessin in Esmark et Hoyer, 1886) and P. dilatatum (Westerlund, 1897). In general, the molluscan fauna of the lower reaches of the Syoyakha River are taxonomically poor, which can be considered typical of freshwater invertebrate communities living at high latitudes. Another reason for the decline in species diversity may lie in the absence of any large transit watercourse in the basin in question allowing northward dispersion of the mollusks. The average density of mollusks in the watercourse stretch under study varied from 98.9 ind./m2 to 620.5 ind./m2. P. globulare settlements had the highest recorded density of 1,442.9 ind./m2. The mollusks are confined to clayey, silty and sandy substrates with remnants of vegetation. The fauna is basically formed by widespread Palearctic and Holarctic mollusk species that have adapted to the extreme conditions of the Arctic. The findings may be used for hydrobiological and fishery characterization of the watercourse given that the recorded species of S. corneum, P. globulare, P. lilljeborgi, and P. dilatatum are a major food item for important fish species, such as cisco, vendace, char, muksun, etc.

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