Введение в гражданскую авиацию (435,80 руб.)

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内 容 提 要 本书主要介绍了与民航基础相关的知识，全书共分 9 章，具体内容包括民航发展简史，飞机及其飞 行原理，民航业运行及管理体系，空中交通管理，航空气象知识，民航运输企业，民航运输机场，民用 航空器适航管理，通用航空。 本书可作为高职高专院校空中乘务等专业的教材，也可作为相关人员学习民航知识的参考书。 图书在版编目（ＣＩＰ）数据 民航概论 ／ 杨长进主编. -- 北京 : 航空工业出版 社，2014.10 ISBN 978-7-5165-0594-6 Ⅰ. ①民… Ⅱ. ①杨… Ⅲ. ①民用航空－高等职业教 育－教材 Ⅳ. ①V2②F56 中国版本图书馆 CIP 数据核字(2014)第 239733 号 民航概论 Minhang Gailun 航空工业出版社出版发行 （北京市朝阳区北苑 2号院 100012） 发行部电话：010-84936597 北京市科星印刷有限责任公司印刷 2014 年 10 月第 1 版 开本：787×1092 印数：1－4000 1/16 010-84936343 全国各地新华书店经售 2014 年 10 月第 1 次印刷 印张：18.25 字数：422 千字 定价：45.00 元

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○编 ○者 ○的 ○话 改革开放以来，中国民航业飞速发展。中国民航运输年平均总周转量、旅客运输量、 货物运输量等指标高速增长，发展速度高于世界民航运输业增长水平两倍以上。目前中国 成为仅次于美国的民航运输大国。了解民用航空业的发展历史与现状，对于从事这个行业 及即将进入这个行业的人士来说，都是十分必要的。为此，我们编写了《民航概论》这本 教材，以期为民航相关专业及旅游专业的学生提供一个了解民用航空业的平台。 本书根据空中乘务和航空服务专业“十二五”规划教材出版要求，针对高职高专院校 而编写。 本书编写过程中结合了中国民航业的实际情况，突出了航空专业的时效性、实用性， 由浅入深、通俗易懂，使学生在教师的指导下，提高认知能力。通过对本书的学习，学生 不仅能了解构成民用航空业的各个环节，而且能掌握民航运输发展的最新资讯。 本书共分九章，主要内容包括民航发展简史，飞机及其飞行原理，民航业运行及管理 体系，空中交通管理，航空气象知识，民航运输企业，民航运输机场，民用航空器适航管 理，通用航空等方面的知识，涵盖了民用航空运输业的各主要组成部分的关键知识和内容。 本书由杨长进担任主编，毛贝霏、鲁建伟任副主编，毛贝霏、熊静、王旭东执笔编写， 由西翔教育策划。 在编写过程中，我们参考了大量的文献资料。在此，我们向参考过的文献的作者表示 诚挚的谢意。 由于编写时间仓促，编者水平有限，书中疏漏与不当之处在所难免，敬请广大读者批 评指正。 本书配有精美的教学课件，读者可到北京金企鹅文化发展中心网站（www.bjjqe.com） 下载。 编 者 2014 年 9 月 1 日

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本 书 编 委 会 主 编：杨长进 副主编：毛贝霏 鲁建伟 参 编：毛贝霏 熊 静 王旭东

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目 录 第一章 民航发展简史 ············································································································ 1 第一节 民用航空的定义和分类 ························································································ 1 一、民用航空的定义······································································································································ 2 二、民用航空的分类······································································································································ 2 第二节 世界民用航空发展简史 ························································································ 4 一、人类的首次可操纵飞行 ························································································································· 4 二、航空科学技术的发展 ····························································································································· 5 第三节 中国民用航空发展简史 ························································································ 6 一、古代航空 ·················································································································································· 6 二、旧中国民用航空发展情况 ····················································································································· 6 三、新中国民用航空发展概况 ····················································································································· 9 思考与作业·························································································································· 17 第二章 飞机及其飞行原理 ·································································································· 18 第一节 飞机结构与分类 ·································································································· 18 一、飞机的基本结构··································································································································· 19 二、民航运输机的分类 ······························································································································ 20 第二节 机身的功能 ·········································································································· 21 第三节 飞机发动机简介 ·································································································· 24 一、活塞发动机工作原理 ·························································································································· 24 二、涡轮螺旋桨发动机工作原理 ·············································································································· 25 三、涡轮喷气发动机工作原理 ·················································································································· 26 四、涡轮风扇喷气发动机工作原理·········································································································· 28 第四节 机翼的类型及作用 ······························································································ 29 一、机翼的形状和位置 ······························································································································ 29 二、机翼上的襟翼、副翼和扰流板·········································································································· 31 三、机翼内的油箱 ······································································································································· 34 第五节 尾翼及其作用 ······································································································ 34 第六节 飞机的起落架 ······································································································ 35 I

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民航概论 第七节 客舱 ······················································································································ 36 一、客舱设置················································································································································ 36 二、客舱设备················································································································································ 39 三、旅客座椅和座位 ··································································································································· 40 第八节 通用电子系统 ······································································································ 42 一、通信系统················································································································································ 42 二、导航系统················································································································································ 42 三、飞行自动控制系统 ······························································································································· 47 四、飞机综合电子控制系统······················································································································· 47 第九节 驾驶舱主要仪表安排 ·························································································· 49 第十节 “黑匣子” ·········································································································· 50 第十一节 飞机操纵系统和液压系统 ·············································································· 52 一、飞机操纵系统 ······································································································································· 52 二、液压系统················································································································································ 52 第十二节 飞机的飞行原理 ······························································································ 53 一、飞机的升力 ··········································································································································· 53 二、飞机受到的阻力 ··································································································································· 55 三、影响升力和阻力的因素······················································································································· 55 四、飞机的上升与下降 ······························································································································· 56 五、飞机转弯················································································································································ 56 六、能否实现完全自动飞行······················································································································· 57 思考与作业 ·························································································································· 58 第三章 民航业运行及管理体系 ·························································································· 59 第一节 中国民航行政管理体系及其职责 ······································································ 59 一、中国民航体制变迁 ······························································································································· 59 二、中国民航行政管理体系······················································································································· 60 第二节 中国民航六大企业 ······························································································ 63 一、中国民航业内主要运输航空公司 ······································································································ 64 二、中国民航主要集团公司······················································································································· 65 第三节 中国民航现行法律法规和规章体系 ·································································· 67 一、法律 ························································································································································ 67 二、行政法规················································································································································ 67 三、行业规章················································································································································ 69 II

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目 录 第四节 国际民航组织及国际民航法 ·············································································· 74 一、国际民航组织（ICAO） ···················································································································· 75 二、国际航空运输协会（IATA） ············································································································· 77 三、国际航空公法 ······································································································································· 79 四、国际航空私法 ······································································································································· 79 第五节 中国与国际民航组织 ·························································································· 80 一、我国加入国际民航组织 ······················································································································ 80 二、目前我国加入《国际民用航空公约》情况 ····················································································· 80 思考与作业·························································································································· 84 第四章 空中交通管理 ·········································································································· 85 第一节 空中交通管理概述 ······························································································ 85 一、空中交通规则的含义 ·························································································································· 85 二、空中交通管理的任务 ·························································································································· 86 三、国际空中航行的原则 ·························································································································· 86 第二节 空中交通管制服务 ······························································································ 86 一、空中交通管制服务的任务 ·················································································································· 87 二、空中交通管制系统的分类 ·················································································································· 87 三、早期管制手段——程序管制 ·············································································································· 90 四、现代管制手段——雷达管制 ·············································································································· 91 第三节 航行情报和告警服务 ·························································································· 93 一、航行情报服务 ······································································································································· 93 二、原始资料的提供和收集 ······················································································································ 94 三、航行通告发布 ······································································································································· 96 四、告警服务（AS） ································································································································· 97 第四节 飞行规则 ·············································································································· 97 一、通用飞行规则 ······································································································································· 97 二、目视飞行规则 ······································································································································· 98 三、仪表飞行规则 ······································································································································· 98 四、飞行间隔 ··············································································································································· 98 第五节 通信标准 ············································································································ 101 一、语言的规范 ········································································································································· 101 二、频率分配 ············································································································································· 101 第六节 空域管理 ············································································································ 102 一、空域的类型和划分 ···························································································································· 102 III

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民航概论 二、空域管理原则 ···································································································································· 102 三、航线区域············································································································································· 103 四、特殊空域············································································································································· 104 五、空域审批············································································································································· 104 第七节 空中交通流量管理 ···························································································· 105 一、空中交通流量管理（ATFM）概述 ································································································ 105 二、新航行系统 ········································································································································ 106 第八节 空中交通管理的发展趋势 ················································································ 109 思考与作业 ························································································································ 110 第五章 航空气象知识 ········································································································ 111 第一节 大气分层 ············································································································ 111 一、对流层 ·················································································································································· 111 二、平流层 ··················································································································································113 第二节 气温、气压和湿度 ···························································································· 114 一、气温 ······················································································································································114 二、气压和气压高度 ·································································································································114 三、湿度 ······················································································································································115 第三节 空气运动 ············································································································ 116 一、空气的水平运动 ·································································································································116 二、空气的垂直运动 ·································································································································117 第四节 云 ························································································································ 119 一、低云 ······················································································································································119 二、中云 ····················································································································································· 123 三、高云 ····················································································································································· 125 第五节 能见度、天气现象 ···························································································· 126 一、能见度 ················································································································································· 126 二、天气现象············································································································································· 128 第六节 影响飞行的天气系统 ························································································ 132 一、地形波 ················································································································································· 132 二、低空急流············································································································································· 133 三、风切变 ················································································································································· 133 四、颠簸 ····················································································································································· 135 五、飞机积冰············································································································································· 136 IV

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目 录 第七节 民航天气资料的获得 ························································································ 140 一、机长飞行直接准备阶段了解天气 ··································································································· 141 二、航空气象电报 ····································································································································· 144 思考与作业························································································································ 149 第六章 民航运输企业 ········································································································ 150 第一节 民航运输企业产业属性 ···················································································· 150 一、公共性 ················································································································································· 150 二、准军事性 ············································································································································· 151 三、生产服务性 ········································································································································· 151 四、企业性 ················································································································································· 151 五、自然垄断性 ········································································································································· 152 第二节 民航运输企业基本生产单位 ············································································ 153 一、飞行部 ················································································································································· 153 二、机务工程部（维修厂） ···················································································································· 153 三、客舱部 ················································································································································· 153 四、保卫部 ················································································································································· 154 五、运行指挥部（飞行签派室） ············································································································ 154 六、营运部（市场部） ···························································································································· 154 七、后勤保障部 ········································································································································· 155 八、地面服务部 ········································································································································· 155 九、配餐部 ················································································································································· 155 十、财务部 ················································································································································· 155 十一、计划企管部（规划发展部）········································································································ 155 十二、运行安全技术管理部 ···················································································································· 155 第三节 机组及其资源管理 ···························································································· 155 一、机组 ····················································································································································· 156 二、机组资源管理 ····································································································································· 158 第四节 生产现场运行及其管理 ···················································································· 160 一、生产现场运行管理概述 ···················································································································· 161 二、生产现场的组织与实施 ···················································································································· 162 第五节 安全与安全管理 ································································································ 164 一、安全 ······················································································································································ 164 二、安全管理 ············································································································································· 166 三、国际安全管理系统 ···························································································································· 169 V

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民航概论 第六节 航线、航班与机票 ···························································································· 171 一、航线 ····················································································································································· 171 二、航班 ····················································································································································· 173 三、航空票务知识 ···································································································································· 174 第七节 民航运输市场 ···································································································· 181 一、民航运输市场特殊性 ························································································································ 181 二、航空运输市场的需求 ························································································································ 183 三、影响航空运输需求的主要因素 ······································································································· 184 四、民航运输市场法律控制···················································································································· 184 第八节 高端旅客及服务 ································································································ 185 一、高端旅客············································································································································· 186 二、高端旅客服务范例 ···························································································································· 189 三、高端旅客服务研究 ···························································································································· 190 思考与作业 ························································································································ 191 第七章 民航运输机场 ········································································································ 192 第一节 机场作用、分类和机场等级划分 ···································································· 193 一、民用机场的定义和作用···················································································································· 193 二、机场分类············································································································································· 194 三、机场等级划分 ···································································································································· 195 第二节 机场功能区划分 ································································································ 198 一、空域 ····················································································································································· 198 二、陆域 ····················································································································································· 199 第三节 机场空域及其管理 ···························································································· 201 一、机场净空区 ········································································································································ 201 二、机场使用最低标准 ···························································································································· 201 第四节 飞行区及其功能 ································································································ 201 一、跑道 ····················································································································································· 202 二、滑行道 ················································································································································· 205 三、机坪 ····················································································································································· 205 第五节 候机楼区和机场塔台 ························································································ 206 一、候机楼区············································································································································· 206 二、机场塔台··············································································································································211 第六节 机场地面保障 ···································································································· 212 一、机场安全保卫 ···································································································································· 212 VI

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目 录 二、机场附属设施 ····································································································································· 213 三、机场导航设施 ····································································································································· 214 四、机场地面保障 ····································································································································· 217 第七节 我国机场发展趋势 ···························································································· 218 一、国外和港澳地区机场特点 ················································································································ 219 二、当前我国机场模式 ···························································································································· 221 三、我国机场未来发展趋势 ···················································································································· 222 思考与作业························································································································ 227 第八章 民用航空器适航管理 ···························································································· 228 第一节 适航性与适航性责任 ························································································ 228 一、适航性 ················································································································································· 228 二、适航性内容 ········································································································································· 229 三、适航性责任 ········································································································································· 229 第二节 适航管理 ············································································································ 230 一、适航管理 ············································································································································· 230 二、适航标准 ············································································································································· 231 三、适航管理机构 ····································································································································· 231 四、适航管理手段 ····································································································································· 231 五、适航管理的各阶段 ···························································································································· 232 六、适航管理在航空安全保障系统中的作用 ······················································································· 232 第三节 可靠性管理 ········································································································ 233 一、使用困难报告的定义、范围 ············································································································ 234 二、使用困难报告的上报要求 ················································································································ 235 第四节 机务维修系统管理 ···························································································· 235 一、机务维修资质 ····································································································································· 236 二、机务维修人员资质 ···························································································································· 238 三、手册使用和维修记录 ························································································································ 238 四、最低设备放行 ····································································································································· 239 五、质量管理 ············································································································································· 240 第五节 维修与航材管理 ································································································ 241 一、民航规章 ············································································································································· 242 二、机务维修 ············································································································································· 242 三、航材管理 ············································································································································· 243 VII

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民航概论 第六节 适航保证 ············································································································ 244 一、人为因素············································································································································· 244 二、机械故障············································································································································· 245 三、环境 ····················································································································································· 245 四、适航保证············································································································································· 246 思考与作业 ························································································································ 247 第九章 通用航空 ················································································································ 248 第一节 通用航空简介 ···································································································· 248 第二节 通用航空常见机型 ···························································································· 249 第三节 直升机简介 ········································································································ 261 一、直升机的构造及操纵原理 ··············································································································· 261 二、直升机分类 ········································································································································ 263 第四节 通用航空的重要性 ···························································································· 269 第五节 中国通用航空发展前景 ···················································································· 271 思考与作业 ························································································································ 273 附录 ·································································································································· 274 参考文献 ································································································································ 280 VIII

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