G. Bordyugov, S. Devyatov, E. Kotelenets Th e XXth Century Political History of Russia Lecture materials Москва 2016 УДК 94(47) ББК 63.3(2) В78 The authors: Bordyugov Gennady (PhD), Head of the International Board of the Association of Researchers of Russian Society (AIRO–XXI). <...> Devyatov Sergey (PhD), Head of the Department of Russian History of the ХХ–ХХl centuries at Lomonosov Moscow State University Historical Faculty, professor at Russian University for the Humanities and the Moscow Pedagogical State University. <...> Lectures on Russian History, Historiography and Political Studies. <...> В78 The XXth Century Political History of Russia : lecture materials / G. Bordyugov, S. Devyatov, E. Kotelenets. — Moscow, Russia : Prospekt Ltd Publishers, 2016. – 160 p. <...> Others discussed a «Russian miracle», referring to the rise of the Soviet Union thanks to the communist idea. <...> During the 20th century, Russia found an alternative to capitalism as a result of the Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917. <...> After World War II, interest in the Soviet Union rose signifi cantly all around the world. <...> The communist idea was changing from a utopian idea into a palpable reality. <...> Both common people and intellectual elites were awaiting the outcome of the «cold war» between the two systems of world order: the USSR and the USA. «Free market capitalism» was drawing lessons from the world wars, crises, the Great Depression of the late 1920s and early 1930s, and protests by left-minded youth in the 1960s. <...> In Russia, the Bolsheviks resorted to violence as a tool of building a new regime and changing society and individuals. <...> As a result, the country received a state-controlled economy based on the administrative mobilization of people and resources, the GULAG (labor camps), the Great Terror and intellectual isolation. <...> Khrushchev’s «thaw» and Gorbachev’s «perestroika» were attempts to get out of the historical traps the country had fallen into as a result of lingering adherence to Stalin’s and Brezhnev’s views of socialism. <...> The main reason for understanding the principle characteristics and trends of these transformations is to fi nd out why historical science still attracts public attention in new conditions, and why it is used not only as science but also as a tool for making sense of current events. <...> Historiography itself <...>
The_XXth_Century_Political_History_of_Russia_lecture_materials.pdf
УДК 94(47)
ББК 63.3(2)
В78
Электронные версии книг
на сайте www.prospekt.org
The authors:
Bordyugov Gennady (PhD), Head of the International Board of the Association of Researchers of Russian
Society (AIRO–XXI). Since 1988, he has been teaching courses of History at Lomonosov Moscow State
University. Since 1992 — invited professor at several foreign universities.
Devyatov Sergey (PhD), Head of the Department of Russian History of the ХХ–ХХl centuries at
Lomonosov Moscow State University Historical Faculty, professor at Russian University for the
Humanities and the Moscow Pedagogical State University. Invited professor at Peoples’ Friendship
University of Russia, National Nuclear Research University «MEPhI». Lecturing on Russian History,
Historiography and the History of the Moscow Kremlin.
Kotelenets Elena (PhD), since 1977 — professor at Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Lectures on
Russian History, Historiography and Political Studies.
Translation editor — Кupriyanova Мilana.
В78
ХХ век в политической истории России: курс лекций / Г. Бордюгов, С. Девятов,
Е. Котеленец. — Москва : Проспект, 2016. — 160 с.
The XXth Century Political History of Russia : lecture materials / G. Bordyugov,
S. Devyatov, E. Kotelenets. — Moscow, Russia : Prospekt Ltd Publishers, 2016. –
160 p.
ISBN 978-5-392-19338-7
The XXth Century Political History of Russia presents lecture materials for academics
working with undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate students as well as researchers of
Russian history.
The chapters are an unusual insight into the Russian past, which makes the readers think,
analyze and also reconsider some events of the Russian history. It is an exciting blend of stories
of the past and future trends, allowing to make forecasts and predictions.
Изображение на обложке Neirfy/Shutterstock.com.
Bordyugov Gennady,
Devyatov Sergey,
Kotelenets Elena
POLITICAL HISTORY OF RUSSIA
Lecture materials
THE XXth CENTURY
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ISBN 978-5-392-19338-7
© Бордюгов Г., Девятов С.,
Котеленец Е., 2015
© ООО «Проспект», 2015
УДК 94(47)
ББК 63.3(2)
Стр.2
CONTENTS
Preface
Introduction
Theme 1. The Study of Modern Russian History: Main Characteristics and Trends ................ 4
Main Part
Theme 2. Russia at the Beginning of the 20th Century: Its Self-image, Economic
and Political Organization, and Contradictions of Its Development.......................................10
Theme 3. Festival of the Oppressed or Social Disease?
The Nature of the Russian Revolutions .................................................................................14
Theme 4. Emergency Measures and the «Extreme Emergency Regime» in the Soviet
Republic and other State Formations on the Territory of Russia, 1918–1920 .........................21
Theme 5. From «War Communism» to the New Economic Policy:
Contradictions of the NEP ...................................................................................................31
Theme 6. NEP Downsizing and the Transformation of the Policy
of Extraordinary Measures into a Permanent System of Government ....................................35
Theme 7. The 1930s: Crises, Reforms, Repressions ...............................................................44
Theme 8. The Hierarchy of the Great Terror .........................................................................49
Theme 9. Illusions and Awakening of the Generation of 1930s ..............................................54
Theme 10. The Great Patriotic War 1941–1945: Main Events and Popular Mood
in the Unoccupied Soviet Union ...........................................................................................59
Theme 11. The People and Problems of the Post-War Era .....................................................71
Theme 12. The Khrushchev’s Thaw and Its Reverse Side ......................................................75
Theme 13. Sixties and Seventies: From Reforms to Stagnation ..............................................80
Theme 14. The 1980s: the Space of Power
and a Search for New Ways of Historical Progress .................................................................85
Theme 15. August Putsch of 1991 and the Termidor of Yeltsin ..............................................90
Contemporary Russia. With What Does Russia Enter the New Millenium?
Theme 16. The Realm of Power under Vladimir Putin ...........................................................95
Theme 17. Reforms and the Hierarchy of National Projects ................................................103
Theme 18. Locating of the Revolutionary Period of 1917
in Russian Historical Memory ............................................................................................115
Theme 19. The Great Victory of 1945 in Historical Memory ...............................................122
Theme 20. Twentieth-century Russian Utopias: Archaeology of the Future
as Imagined by the State and Desired by the Intelligentsia ...................................................129
Main Events, Dates and Glossary .......................................................................................141
Selected Biographies ...........................................................................................................153
......................................................................................................................3
Стр.160