94 Section HUMAN EVOLUTION GENDER PECULARITIES OF HUMAN POPULATIONS Nazarova Ariadna Institute of Ecology and Evolution Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia Analysis of the chromosomes on archeological material has shown that the X chromosome is roughly 80 000 years older than the Y chromosome. <...> Thus it turns out that the male sex chromosome appeared later than the X chromosome. <...> The most widespread model of the origin of the Y chromosome is from the autosome (a nonsexual chromosome). <...> As a result, the X and Y chromosome don‘t recombine correctly and this leads to the degradation of the Y chromosome. <...> Some researchers have concluded that the period when there was no Y chromosome yet mankind was made up of only women. <...> However there were different categories of women: the usual normal women who had children, but also hermaphrodites with female phenotypes. <...> Men developed from the latter category of women. <...> There are fewer and fewer normal men. <...> There is a female illness that the doctors call prolapsus of the uterus. <...> We think that this isn’t an illness but a stage of evolution when women begin to acquire male signs. <...> The existence of hermaphroditic people in ancient times is confi rmed by the analysis if several drawing in which people with female breasts and a male sex organs are depicted. <...> The degradation of the Y chromosome is bringing about the modifi cation of the male gender. <...> Key words: human populations, gender peculiarities, origin of Y-chromosome Contact information: Nazarova Ariadna, e-mail: afnazar@yandex.ru. <...> STUDY OF THE VARIATION OF THE DEGREES OF SUPRAORBITAL RIDGE EXPRESSION IN ADULT HOMO SAPIENS Nowaczewska Wioletta1 , Kuźmiński Łukasz2 , Biecek Przemysław3 1Department of Human Biology, Wrocław University, Wrocław, Poland 2Department of Quantitative Methods in Economics, Wrocław University of Economics, Wrocław, Poland 3Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland A large sample of human crania, which included geographically different populations, was examined (adult individuals only). <...> The grades of supraorbital ridge (ST) expression were assessed – separately in the male and female cranial samples – using a quality scoring <...>