Tutorial is intended for the course «Mass Transfer Processes with a Solid Phase Participation» of Masters Degree Program in «Chemical Technology». <...> Contents of the tutorial introduces students to the fundamentals of mass transfer processes theory and peculiarities of the methods of calculation of adsorption, ion exchange, crystallization, dissolution and membrane separation processes. <...> Algorithms of Diffusion Coefficients Calculation BIBLIOGRAPHY 80 80 84 86 89 90 90 93 95 4 ABBREVIATIONS a – active; adsorption; adsorbent b – boundary bd – bulk density c - convective; concentration d – diffusion; dynamic dr - drying e – equivalent; effective; electric f – fluid; phase (surface) fin – final; output in – initial; input ion - ionite id - ideal L - liquid lam – laminar ^ - laboratory (frame of reference, etc.) lw - lower m – medium; mass; mean n – nucleus s – solid; saturated skс – skipping concentration skt – skipping time ss - supersaturated T – turbulent; thermal; temperature skti – skipping time (ideal) up – upper v - volume 5 CHAPTER 1. <...> Mass Transfer Mechanisms and Equations We can distinguish three mechanisms of transfer: molecular, convective and turbulent (eddy). <...> Molecular mechanism of transfer is due to the thermal motion of molecules. <...> The nature of molecular motion can be different, depending on the phase state of a substance. <...> They loose the ability to overcome the intermolecular forces of attraction, and a system condenses – transforms 6 from the gaseous state into the liquid state. <...> As the result, exit of a molecule out of its nearest environment becomes hampered. <...> Majority of molecular systems transforms into a crystalline state in case of a further lowering of temperature, when the kinetic energy of a molecule becomes not enough to exit a cell, formed by surrounding molecules. <...> From the energy point of view, it leads to the formation of the most advantageous structure of the crystal lattice. <...> Molecule, moving from one point of space to another, transports all three types of substance parameters (or «substances») - mass, momentum and energy. <...> Visible macroscopic transport of substances is not observed in the conditions of equilibrium, because the transfer of molecules in any direction is equally probable, when system rests and concentrations of components and temperature in all points are <...>
Mass_transfer_processes_with_a_solid_phase_participation.pdf
УДК 66.015.23
Процессы массопереноса с участием твердой фазы: Учебное пособие
/А.И. Разинов, П.П. Суханов; Казан. нац. исслед. технол. ун-т. –
Казань: КНИТУ, 2012. – 96 с.
Учебное пособие предназначено для обучения магистров по
направлению «Химическая технология» и его содержание
соответствует ФГОС 3-го поколения для дисциплины «Процессы
массопереноса в системах с участием твердой фазы». Изложенный в
учебном пособии материал позволяет студентам восполнить и
систематизировать знания по теории массообменных процессов,
знакомит со спецификой массопереноса в системах с участием
твердой фазы, а также с такими процессами, как адсорбция, ионный
обмен, кристаллизация, растворение, мембранное разделение,
конструкциями соответствующих аппаратов и методами их расчетов.
Подготовлено на кафедре «Процессы и аппараты химической
технологии».
Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета
Казанского национального исследовательского технологического
университета.
Tutorial is intended for the course «Mass Transfer Processes with a
Solid Phase Participation» of Masters Degree Program in «Chemical
Technology». Contents of the tutorial introduces students to the
fundamentals of mass transfer processes theory and peculiarities of the
methods of calculation of adsorption, ion exchange, crystallization,
dissolution and membrane separation processes.
Рецензенты:
Зав. кафедрой технологии воды и топлива Казанского
государственного энергетического университета, д-р техн. наук, проф.
А.Г. Лаптев
Д-р техн. наук, проф. кафедры энергосберегающих технологий и
энергообеспечения предприятий Казанского государственного
энергетического университета А.Я. Мутрисков
2
Стр.2
C O N T E N T
CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS
CHAPTER 1. FUNDAMENTALS OF MASS TRANSFER
PROCESSES
1.1. Mass Transfer Mechanisms and Equations
1.2. The Law of Mass Conservation
1.3. Interfacial Mass Transfer
1.4. Phase Equilibrium
1.5. Various Modifications of Mass Delivery
and Mass Transfer Equations
1.6. Peculiarity of Mass Transfer in Systems
with a Solid Phase Participation
CHAPTER 2. ADSORPTION AND ION EXCHANGE
2.1. General Information
2.2. Types of Adsorbents and Their Characteristics
2.3. Equilibrium in Adsorption
2.4. Kinetics of Periodic Adsorption
2.5. Continuous Adsorption
2.6. Desorption
2.7. Device and Operation Principles of Adsorption Machines
2.8. Calculation of Adsorbers
2.9. Ion Exchange
CHAPTER 3. CRYSTALLIZATION AND DISSOLUTION
3.1. General Information
3.2. Equilibrium in Crystal-Solution System
3.3. Kinetics of Crystallization Processes
3.4. Techniques of Crystallization
3.5. Design of Crystallizers
3.6. Calculation of crystallizers
3.7. Dissolution
3
3
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6
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31
45
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48
50
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63
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70
73
75
79
79
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CHAPTER 4. MEMBRANE SEPARATION
4.1. General Information. Classification of Membrane Separation
Techniques
4.2. Types of Membranes. Theory of Membrane Separation
4.3. Design of Membrane Devices
4.4. Calculation of Membrane Devices
APPENDIX
1. Some Information from the Field of Mathematics
2. Algorithms of Diffusion Coefficients Calculation
BIBLIOGRAPHY
80
80
84
86
89
90
90
93
95
4
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